Practical Paper Flashcards
(265 cards)
1
Q
What is the binomial name of a dog?
A
Canis familiaris
2
Q
What is the binomial name of a cat?
A
Felis catus
3
Q
What is the binomial name of a horse?
A
Equus caballas
4
Q
What is the binomial name of a rabbit?
A
Oryctolagus cuniculus
5
Q
What is the gestation period of a pig?
A
115 days
6
Q
What is the inguinum?
A
Groin
7
Q
What is the axilla?
A
Armpit
8
Q
How do the contents of a fetal lung differ from those of a newborn animal that had breathed?
A
Fetal lungs contain liquid
9
Q
What is the binomial name of a sheep?
A
Ovis aries
10
Q
What is the binomial name of an ox?
A
Bos taurus
11
Q
What are tissues that absorb X-rays well called?
A
Radioopaque
12
Q
What are tissues that do not absorb X-rays well called?
A
Radiolucent
13
Q
Where does most reflection occur during an ultrasound?
A
Tissue interfaces, especially soft tissue to liquid
14
Q
What is a fossa?
A
Ditch
15
Q
What is a trochlea?
A
Pulley
16
Q
What is a tuberosity?
A
Bump
17
Q
What is a foramen?
A
Hole
18
Q
What species have scapular cartilage?
A
Horse
Ox
Dog
Pig
19
Q
What species have an acromion?
A
Cat
Rabbit
20
Q
What species have a tuber spinae?
A
Horse
Pig
21
Q
Which species have a freely moving radius and ulna?
A
Carnivores
22
Q
Which species has a tightly moulded radius and ulna?
A
Pig
23
Q
Which species have a fused radius and ulna?
A
Ruminant
Rabbit
24
Q
Which species has an incomplete ulna?
A
Horse
25
What is the function of cutaneus trunci?
Twitch the skin
26
What muscle twitches the skin?
Cutaneus trunci
27
What is the function of latissimus dorsi?
Retract forelimb
28
What muscle is the prime retractor of the forelimb?
Latissimus dorsi
29
What is the function of brachiocephalicus?
Protract forelimb
30
What makes up brachiocephalicus?
Clavicular tendon
Cleidomastoideus
Cleidocervicalus
Cleidobrachialis
31
What is the function of cleidobrachialis?
Protract forelimb
32
What is the function of cleidomastoideus?
Protract forelimb
33
What is the function of cleidocervicalus?
Protract forelimb
34
What is the function of omotransversarius?
Caudal rotator of scapula
35
What is the function of cervical trapezius?
Caudal rotator of scapula
36
What is the function of thoracic trapezius?
Caudal rotator of scapula
37
What is the function of cervical rhomboid?
Elevate scapula
38
What is the function of thoracic rhomboid?
Elevate scapula
39
What is the function of cervical serratus ventralis?
Cranial rotator of scapula
40
What is the function of thoracic serratus ventralis?
Depressor of forelimb
41
What is the function of deep pectoral?
Adduct forelimb
42
What is the function of superficial pectoral?
Adduct forelimb
43
Where are the flexor aspects of the elbow?
Cranial
44
Where are the flexor aspects of the carpus?
Caudal
45
Where are the flexor aspects of the hip?
Cranial
46
Where are the flexor aspects of the stifle?
Caudal
47
Where are the flexor aspects of the hock?
Cranial
48
What is the function of spinodeltoideus?
Shoulder flexor
49
What is the function of acromiodeltoideus?
Shoulder flexor
50
Where are the shoulder flexors?
Caudal
51
What is the function of teres major?
Shoulder flexor
52
What is the function of supraspinatus?
Shoulder extensor
53
What is the function of infraspinatus?
Ligamentar shoulder muscle
54
What is the function of subscapularis?
Ligamentar shoulder muscle
55
What is the function of triceps?
Elbow extensor
56
What is the function of biceps brachii?
Elbow flexor
57
What is the function of brachialis?
Elbow flexor
58
What muscle prevents digit I being abducted in the dog?
Extensor of digits I + II
59
What tiny capsular muscles insert on the capsule of the metacarpophalangeal joint?
Lumbricales
60
What joint does deep digital flexor primarily act at?
DiPj
61
What joint does superficial digital flexor primarily act at?
PiPj
62
What joint does interosseus primarily act at?
MCPj
63
What is the function of teres minor?
Capsular shoulder muscle
64
What is the function of coracobrachialis?
Capsular shoulder muscle
65
What binds the tendon of origin of biceps to the humerus?
Transverse humeral ligament
66
What is the function of anconeus?
Elbow capsular muscle
67
What are the three joints of the carpus?
AbCj
iCj
CMCj
68
What is the additional insertion of interosseus in the equine hindlimb?
Fourth tarsal bone
69
What forms the lateral wall of the carpal canal?
Accessory carpal bone
70
What are the proximal carpal bones?
Radial
Intermediate
Ulnar
71
What is the talus?
Tibial tarsal
72
What is calcaneus?
Fibular tarsal
73
What part of brachiocephalicus isn't present in ungulates?
Cleidocervicalus
74
Which species doesn't have an accessory head of triceps?
Horse
75
What thigh muscles have additional proximal origins in the horse?
Superficial gluteal
Biceps Femoris
Semitendinosus
76
What is the function of superficial gluteal in the horse?
Hip flexor
77
What is the insertion of superficial gluteal in the horse?
Third trochanter
78
What is the difference between pelvis and hip?
Pelvis is the bone, hip is the joint
79
How do the fore and hindlimb cannon bones differ in the horse and ox?
Fore is circular in cross section, hind is flattened into an oval
80
Which limb is primarily propulsive?
Hindlimb
81
What is the function of superficial gluteal?
Hip extensor + abductor
82
What is the function of middle gluteal?
Hip extensor + abductor
83
What is the function of piriformis?
Hip extensor + abductor
84
What is the function of biceps femoris?
Hip extensor
Stifle flexor
85
What is the function of semimembranosus?
Hip extensor
Stifle flexor
86
What is the function of quadratus femoris?
Hip extensor
87
What is the function of deep gluteal?
Hip inward rotator
88
What is the function of internal obturator?
Hip outward rotator
89
What is the function of gemelli?
Hip outward rotator
90
What is the function of external obturator?
Hip outward rotator
91
What is the function of adductor?
Hip adductor
92
What is the function of pectineus?
Hip adductor
93
What is the function of cranial sartorius?
Hip flexor
94
What is the function of ilio-psoas?
Hip flexor
95
What is the function of iliacus?
Hip flexor
96
What is the function of psoas major?
Hip flexor
97
What two muscles make up ilio-psoas?
Iliacus
Psoas major
98
What is the function of tenuissimus?
Stifle flexor
99
What is the function of semitendinosus?
Stifle flexor
100
What is the function of gracilis?
Stifle flexor
101
What is the function of caudal sartorius?
Stifle flexor
102
What is the function of quadriceps femoris?
Stifle extensor
103
What muscles make up the hamstrings?
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
104
What muscles make up quadriceps femoris?
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis
105
What is the function of rectus femoris?
Stifle extensor
106
What is the function of vastus lateralis?
Stifle extensor
107
What is the function of vastus intermedius?
Stifle extensor
108
What is the function of vastus medialis?
Stifle extensor
109
What is the function of popliteus?
Stifle inward rotator
110
What is the function of gastrocnemius?
Hock extensor
111
What is the function of caudal tibial?
Capsular muscle of hock
112
What is the function of fibularis longus?
Hock flexor
113
What is the function of cranial tibial?
Hock flexor
114
What is the function of fibularis brevis?
Hock flexor
115
What is the function of capsularis coxae?
Capsular hip muscle
116
What connects the acetabulum to the femoral head?
Round ligament
117
What is C1 called?
Atlas
118
What is C2 called?
Axis
119
How does C7 differ from C3-C6?
No canal
120
What sort of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?
Hinge (nodding head)
121
What sort of joint is the atlanto-axial joint?
Pivot
122
What is the wither?
Large neural spines of the thoracic vertebrae that act as the origin for the nuchal ligament
123
How would you define a vertebra as thoracic?
Transverse process articulates with a rib
124
What two parts make up an intervertebral disc?
Nucleus pulposus
Annulus fibrosus
125
How many vertebrae are fused in the canine sacrum?
3
126
How many vertebrae are fused in the equine sacrum?
5
127
How many vertebrae are fused in the bovine sacrum?
5
128
What is the function of the nucleus pulposus of an intervertebral disc?
Absorb concussion
129
What is the function of the annulus fibrosus of an intervertebral disc?
Absorb traction, twisting, flexion
130
What is the most caudal part of the sternum?
Xiphisternum
131
What is the linea alba?
The fibrous seam running along the ventral abdominal midline
132
What forms the inguinal ligament?
Free caudal border of external abdominal oblique
133
What is the function of the cremaster muscle?
Elevate testicle
134
Which muscle is characteristically segmented and gives the 'six pack' appearance?
Rectus abdominis
135
What muscle is, for the most part, the deepest abdominal muscle?
Transversus abdominus
136
What species has tunica flava?
Horse
137
What forms the heave line in horses with respiratory issues?
External abdominal oblique
138
What nerve innervates subscapularis?
Subscapular
139
What nerve innervates supraspinatus?
Suprascapular
140
What nerve innervates infraspinatus?
Suprascapular
141
What nerve innervates cleidobrachialis?
Cleidobrachial
142
What nerve innervates superficial pectoral?
Cranial pectoral
143
What nerve innervates coracobrachialis?
Musculocutaneous
144
What nerve innervates the elbow flexors?
Musculocutaneous
145
What nerve innervates teres minor?
Axillary
146
What nerve innervates the shoulder flexors?
Axillary
147
What nerve innervates deep pectoral?
Caudal pectoral
148
What nerve innervates serratus ventralis?
Long thoracic
149
What nerve innervates latissimus dorsi?
Thoracodorsal
150
What nerve innervates triceps?
Radial
151
What nerve innervates the carpus extensors?
Radial
152
What nerve innervates the digit extensors?
Radial
153
What nerve innervates most carpal flexors?
Median
154
What nerve innervates most digit flexors?
Median
155
What nerve innervates flexor carpi ulnaris?
Ulnar
156
What nerve innervates deep digital flexor ulnar head?
Ulnar
157
What nerve innervates hindlimb digit extensors?
Fibular
158
What is the medial palmar digital nerve made up of?
Median nerve fibres
159
What is the lateral palmar digital nerve made up of?
Median and ulnar nerve fibres
160
How does the axillary nerve differ in the horse compared to the dog?
In the horse it extends one joint further to reach the carpus
161
What artery supplies the forelimb flexors?
Ulnar
162
What artery supplies the forelimb extensors?
Cranial interosseous
163
What artery supplies the manus?
Caudal interosseous
164
What makes up the sciatic trunk?
Tibial + fibular
165
What nerve innervates middle gluteal?
Cranial gluteal
166
What nerve innervates the hip flexors?
Femoral
167
What nerve innervates the stifle extensors?
Femoral
168
What is the long and mainly sensory branch of the femoral nerve?
Saphenous
169
What nerve innervates adductor?
Obturator
170
What nerve innervates pectineus?
Obturator
171
What nerve innervates gracilis?
Obturator
172
What nerve innervates external obturator?
Obturator
173
What nerve innervates the medial skin of the thigh?
Genitofemoral
174
What nerve innervates the hamstrings?
Tibial (sciatic)
175
What nerve innervates the hock extensor?
Tibial (sciatic)
176
What nerve innervates the hindlimb digit flexors?
Tibial (sciatic)
177
What nerve innervates the hock flexors?
Fibular
178
What side is the azygos on in the dog?
Right
179
What side is the azygos on in the horse?
Right
180
What side is the azygos on in the ox?
Left
181
What side is the azygos on in the pig?
Left
182
What side is the azygos on in most ruminants?
Right
183
What are the first vessels that branch off the aorta?
Coronary vessels
184
How many cusps does the chordae tendinae from one papillary muscle connect to?
2
185
What lymphocentre drains most of the hindlimbs, rump and pelvis?
Iliac
186
What species has an additional lymph node in a limb?
Horse
187
What is the additional lymph node in the horse?
Cubital
188
Where is the cubital lymph node?
Equine elbow
189
What tissue is the equine spleen particularly rich in?
Smooth muscle
190
What are the parts of a rib?
Vertebral part (dorsal 2/3)
Sternal part (ventral 1/3)
191
What is the first sternebra?
Manubrium
192
What is the last sternebra?
Xiphisternum
193
What is the head of a rib called?
Capitulum
194
Which species has cylindrical sternebrae?
Dog
195
Which species have flattened sternebrae?
Ruminant
196
Which species have keeled sternebrae?
Horse
197
What innervates the diaphragm?
Left and right phrenic nerves
198
What are the inspiratory muscles?
Diaphragm
Serratus dorsalis cranialis
External intercostals
Levatores costarum
Rectus thoracis
199
What muscles are involved in forced breathing?
Latissimus dorsi
Deep pectoral
200
What are the expiratory muscles?
External abdominal oblique
Internal abdominal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis
Internal intercostals
Retractor costae
Transversus thoracis
Serratus dorsalis caudalis
Iliocostalis
201
Where are vessels located in relation to the ribs?
Caudal to the rib
202
What connects the lungs to the mediastinum?
Pulmonary ligament
203
How does the bovine trachea differ from other species?
Dorsal 'ridge' appearance
204
What large vessels drain into the right atrium?
Caudal vena cava
Azygos vein
Cranial vena cava
Coronary vein
205
What is hydrothorax?
Fluid in thorax
206
What is haemothorax?
Blood in thorax
207
What is chylothorax?
Chyle in thorax
208
What is pneumothorax?
Air in thorax
209
What is pyothorax?
Puss in thorax
210
What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on heart rate?
Increases
211
What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on the force of cardiac contraction?
Increases
212
What effect does parasympathetic stimulation have on the force of cardiac contraction?
No direct effect
213
What effect does parasympathetic stimulation have on heart rate?
Decreases
214
Where is the junction between foregut and midgut?
First quarter of duodenum
215
Where is the junction between midgut and hindgut?
Between transverse and ascending colon
216
What anatomical feature suggests a reason why horses can't vomit?
Prominent cardiac sphinct
217
What are rugae?
Folds
218
What connects the ascending colon and descending duodenum?
Right duodenocolic ligament
219
What connects the ascending duodenum and descending colon?
Left duodenocolic ligament
220
What connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon?
Gastrocolic ligament
221
What connects the descending colon to the spleen?
Splenocolic ligament
222
What attaches the spleen to the stomach?
Gastrosplenic ligament
223
What is the ventral attachment of the liver?
Falciform ligament
224
How many taenia does a pig caecum have?
3
225
What is the sympathetic innervation of the foregut?
Coeliac ganglion
226
What is the sympathetic innervation of the midgut?
Cranial mesenteric ganglion
227
What is the sympathetic innervation of the hindgut?
Caudal mesenteric ganglion
228
What is the parasympathetic innervation of the hindgut?
Pelvic plexus (from sacral outflow)
229
What is a plexus?
Tangle of nerve fibres with no synapses
230
What is a ganglion?
A bulge where synapses and cell bodies are located
231
What is the sympathetic innervation to the foregut?
Dorsal and ventral vagus
232
What is the sympathetic innervation to the midgut?
Dorsal vagus
233
What forms the two faecal types of the rabbit?
Fusus coli
234
What dilates the distal rabbit ileum?
Sacculus rotundus
235
What is the most proximal part of the ascending colon?
Ampulla caecalis coli
236
Do rabbits have a gall bladder?
Yes
237
What separates ingesta in the rabbit?
Ampulla caecalis coli
238
What supplies blood to the stomach?
Coeliac artery
239
What shape are bovine reticular cells?
Square
240
What shape are sheep reticular cells?
Hexagonal
241
What shape are goat reticular cells?
Pentagonal
242
What part of the ruminant stomach is involved in water absorption?
Omasum
243
What makes up the forestomach of a ruminant?
Reticulum
244
What makes up the proventriculus of a ruminant?
Rumen + omasum
245
Where do you auscultate the rumen?
Left paralumbar fossa
246
How many taenia does the equine caecum have?
4
247
How many taenia does the equine right ventral colon have?
4
248
How many taenia does the equine left ventral colon have?
4
249
How many taenia does the equine left dorsal colon have?
2 (1 pelvic flexure, 1 rest of LDC)
250
How many taenia does the equine right dorsal colon have?
1
251
How many taenia does the equine transverse colon have?
2
252
How many taenia does the equine descending colon have?
2
253
What are the layers of the rumen?
Serosa
Muscularis
Submucosa
Epithelium
254
Which liver lobe is serrated in the horse?
Quadrate
255
What is the blood supply to the pancreas?
Pancreaticoduodenal
256
How is the adrenal innervated?
Sympathetic preganglionic
257
What species has a terminal recess in the kidney?
Horse
258
In which species is the left kidney often on the right?
Ox
259
In which species in the left kidney often not caudal to the right kidney?
Pig
260
What is the renal sinus?
Pelvis + fat + vessels
261
What is the renal parenchyme?
Cortex + medulla
262
What provides motor innervation to the pelvic diaphragm?
Pudendal nerve
263
What makes up the pelvic diaphragm?
Sacrosciatic ligament
Coccygeus
Levator ani
264
What can you palpate in the canine abdomen?
Bladder
Descending colon
Kidneys
265
What can you palpate in the feline abdomen?
Stomach
Liver
Spleen
Bladder
Kidneys
