Signaling pathways Flashcards by Kjirsten Carlson

cAMP

FLAT ChAMP
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH
CRH, hCG, ADH (V2 receptor), MSH, PTH
calcintonin
GHRH
 glucagon
PAF

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cGMP

ANP

NO (EDRF)

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IP3

GnRH, GHRG(minor)
Oxytocin
ADH (V1 receptor)
TRH
Histamin (H1)
Angiotensin II
Gastrin

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Steroid receptor

Vitamin D
Estrogen
Testosterone
T3/T4
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Progesterone

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Instrinsic tyrosine kinase

Insulin
IGF-1
FGF
PDGF
EGF

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What pathway do instrinsic tyrosine kinases utilize?

MAP kinase pathway

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Receptor assoc tyrosine kinases

Prolactin
Immunomodulators: cytokines IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IFN
GH

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What pathway do receptor assoc tyrposine kinases utilize?

JAK/STAT pathway

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How does T3 increase CO?

binds to B1 receptors on the heart

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how does T3/T4 increase BMR?

increase Na/K ATPase

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What do you see elevated in the urine of a child w adrenal neuroblastoma?

HVA: homovanilic acid, a breakdown product of DA

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what is the genetic mutation is neuroblastoma and what is the tumor marker>

overexpression of N-myc oncogene > rapid tumor progression

tumor marker = Bombesin
neurofilament stain

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people with Hashimotos thyroiditis have an increased risk of what cancer?

Non-hodgkins lymphoma

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very tender thyroid, increased ESR

subacute thyroiditis: self limited hypothyroidism often following a flu like illness
- see granulomatous inflammation on histo

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fixed, rock hard and painless goider

Reidels thyroiditis: thyroid replaced by fibrous tissue

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Jod-Basedow phenomenon- what is it? what can cause it?

when someone with iodine deficiecny is given iodine> hyyperthyroidism!
- seen when given contrast radio-iodine or amiodarone

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what is the cause of death in thyroid storm?

death by arrhythmia

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thyroid cancer w empty appearing nuclei, psammoma bodies, whats the cancer and assoc gene?

Papillary carcnoma

- Ret gene mutation

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thyroid cancer that produces calcitonin, sheets of cells in amyloid stroma, what is it and what is gene and associations?

Medullary carcinoma

- ret gene mutation, assoc with MEN 2A and 2B

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When do you see psammoma bodies? 4 instances

Papillary carcinoma of thyroid
Serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary
Meningioma
Mesotheliam
(PSMM)

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hypocalcemia, shortened 4th/5th digits, short stature

Pseudohypoparathyrodism: Albright’s hereditary osteodystrophy
- AD kidney unresponsive to PTH

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how do you diagnose Acromegaly?

increase serum IGF-1

- failure to suppress serum GH following oral glucose tolerance test

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what inhibits the release of GH?

glucose and somatostatin

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What are the treatments for Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

Hydrochlorothiazide
Indomethacin
Amiloride

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What drugs can casue secondary nephrogenic DI?

- Lithium - Demeclocycline - Hypercalcemia

What drug can cause SIADH?

Cyclophosphamide

Treatment of SIADH?

- Demeclocycline - Conivaptan - Tolvaptan

how do you treat carcinoid syndrome?

somatostatin analog = Octreotide

what is the inheritance of MEN syndromes?

autosomal dominant

What amino acids stimulate the release of gastrin?

1. Phenylalanine | 2. Tryptophan

Why is oral glucose better than IV?

because you get the release of GIP with oral glucose which increases insulin

Somatostatin/prostaglandins/misoprostol act through what signaling cascade in parietal cells?

Gi -> decrease in cAMP

what is the most important mechanism in gastric acid release from parietal cells?

- activation of ECL cells by gastrin, causing release of Histamine that stimulate H2 receptors on gastric parietal cells

Jejunal ulcers are usually a sign of what?

Gastrinoma

What is the rate limiting step in carbohydrate digestion?

oligosaccharide hydrolases

How are glucose and galactose taken up by enterocytes?

via SGLT1 (Na dependent)

How is fructose taken up by enterocytes?

GLUT 5

How is trypsinogen activated?

via enterokinases and enteropeptidases secreted from duodenal mucosa

what is the rate limiting enzyme in bile acid synthesis?

cholesterol 7alpha hydroxylase

how is bilirubin removed?

- from blood by the liver and conjugated with glucuronate (via UDB glucuronosyl transferase)

salivary gland tumor- presents as a painless mobile mass composed of cartilage and epithelium and recurs frequently

pleomorphic adenoma

benign cyst within salivary gland with germinal centers

warthins tumor

malignant salivary gland tumor- painful mass

mucoepidermoid carcinoma

lye ingestion can cause what esophageal abnormality?

esophageal stricture

what can casue pill induced esophagitis?

tetracyclines potassium chloride bisphosphonates

in coffee ground emesis- why is blood brown?

oxidation of heme iron

what area of the stomach is most likely affected by celiac sprue?

distal duoedenum or proximal jejunum

which type of stomach cancer is not assoc with h pylori?

diffuse

which stomach cancer has signet ring cells?

diffuse

which GI ulcer increases your risk for carcinoma?

gastric ulcer! duodenal uclers usually dont

omphalomesenteric cyst

cystic dilation of vitelline duct

what virus is associated with intussusception?

adenovirus

what is the most common cause of small bowel obstruction?

adhesion- a fibrous band of scar tissue

inheritance of Peutz jeghers syndrome?

autosomal dominant

what part of the colon is involved in HNPCC?

proximal colon

how does CRC presentation differ in ascending vs descending colon?

Ascending: exophytic mass, iron deficiency anemia, weight loss Descending: infiltrating mass, partial obstruction, colicky pain, hematochezia

2 molecular pathways that lead to CRC??

1. Microsatellite instability: DNA mismatch repair gene mutation, seen in HNPCC 2. APC/B catenin, chromosomal instability pathway: APC > K ras > p53

decresed ceruloplasmin =

wilsons disease!

what liver tumor is associated with exposure to arsenic, polyvinyl chloride?

angiosarcoma

waht liver tumor is common, benign, and can lead to hemorrhage if biopsied?

cavernous hemangioma

what liver tumor is assoc with OCP use?

hepatic adenoma

cirrhosis with PAS positive globules in liver

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

whats the mechanism behind wilsons disease?

-defective ATPase that transports copper into bile by hepatocyte for excretion

what is the result of hemochromotosis?

1. CHF 2. Testicular atrophy in males 3. increased risk for HCC

what happens in iron poisoning?

1. Cuases peroxidation of lipid membranes and damages cells by free radicals starts: gastric bleeding/hypovolemic shock 60-70hrs: metabolic acidosis 2-8wks: scarring of GI tract

where does a pancreatic adenocarcinoma usually arise from?

the duct

Signaling pathways Flashcards

(66 cards)