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Vets 1060 Veterinary Biology > single celled eukaryotes > Flashcards

single celled eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

protists

A

single celled eukaryotes

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2
Q

for the flagellates; the flagella are mostly

A

anterior

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3
Q

for the flagellates, how many flagella per cell

A

usually 2 or more

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4
Q

flagellates mitochondria is

A

highly modified

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5
Q

difference between flagella and cilia

A

cilia; short, lots of them, fast beating, rotating cell, short

flagellum: long, threadlike, 1-10, wave-like, undulating beat, slow beat

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6
Q

what are the 2 subgroups of flagellates that we considered

A

diplomonadida and euglenozoa

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7
Q

diplomonads mitochondria

A

DON’T HAVE ONE! possess mitosomes, but not used for ATP generation, they lack plastids

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8
Q

diplomonadida characteristics

A

-long lineage
-flagella
-most anaerobic (life in low oxygen)
-most symbiotic and many are parasites

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9
Q

important member of flagellates in diplomonadida subgroup

A

giardia
-human and animal intestinal parasite
-resistant cysts contaminate water supplies, cysts can survive in cold water/ ice
-diarrhea in cats, dogs, caged birds
“eyes” are nuclei, around 10 flagella
-trophozoite stage (diagnostic stage)
-cyst stage (infective stage)

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10
Q

euglenozoa symbiosis?

A

many free living, some parasitic

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11
Q

what is a type of parasite euglenozoid and what are their characteristics

A

kinetoplastids, named this bevause mitochondrian has large circular DNA body: kinetoplast

heterotrophs
flagellates
free living and parasitic species

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12
Q

what is an extremely important species of kinetoplastids (parasitic euglenozoids, flagellates)

A

trypansoma
responsible for nagana in animals and sleeping sickness in humans, chagas disease

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13
Q

how is sleeping sickness and nagana transmitted by tryansoma (an euglenozoid, flagellate)

A

tstetse fly

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14
Q

what are the groups of single celled eukaryotes we considered

A

1) the flagellates,
2) the ciliates, apicomplexans and others
3) plants and algae
4) amoebae
5) opisthokonts

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15
Q

what kind of parasite are aplicomplexans

A

intracellular
obligatory parasites

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16
Q

what are aplicomplexans named after

A

their apical complex that is used to invade cells

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17
Q

what is an apicomplexans special organelle that is like a chloroplast but lacks chlorophyll

A

apicoplast

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18
Q

how do apicomplexans move

A

no visible apparatus for locomotion, apical; complex secretes organelles and molecules from anterior end, flow along body= movement, glide, aslo reply on flow of medium for most movement

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19
Q

what is an important apicomplexan

A

babesia, invades red blood cells, babesiosis in cattle transmitted by cattle tick

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20
Q

what is tick fever in cattle caused by

A

2 species of babesia (apicomplexans) and 1 species of prokaryote

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21
Q

how many cows die during outbreak of tick fever in cattle

A

1 in 20, very expensive

22
Q

what group do the apicomplexa and ciliata belong to

A

alveolata

apicomplexa and ciliata have no common morphological feature but do have molecular sequence identity

23
Q

what environment do ciliata live

A

freshwater, also many in rumen

24
Q

what is unique about ciliata nuclei

A

they have dual nucleus, macro and micro

25
Q

what is a ciliata of veterinary importance

A

balantidium coli in pigs

26
Q

describe the ciliata peculiar form of sexual reproduction

A

conjugation:
the macro nucelus is the functioning desktop where as the micronucleus is like the backup

two cells come together and dissolve into eachother, they then dissolve both of their macro nucleus and their micronucleus divides into 4, 3 of the 4 degrade and the one left over will copy itself (so there is 2), they then donate the copy to each other (still 2 each) and these 2 micronuclei will fuse together (one from own cell, one from other cell) and then each cell forms a new macro from the fused diploid micro, then the cells separate

27
Q

ciliates in the rumen function

A

essential for digestion of plant material

28
Q

how many ciliates in a rumen

A

many species and many many individuals, 50 billion

29
Q

what does group 3 plants and algae include

A

land plants, red algae and green algae

30
Q

what is red algae called

A

rodophyta

31
Q

characteristics of red algae and uses

A

some multicellular, use chlorophyll and another pigment for photosynthesis so red,

used for:
sushi wraps
ice cream
agar
food stabilizers

32
Q

what is green algae called

A

chlorophyta

33
Q

characteristics of green algae

A

found in freshwater, marine and soil
comes in unicellular, colonial and multicellular forms

34
Q

what are 2 importances of green algae

A

1) major autotrophs in marine environment
2) closest relatives to land plants

35
Q

how do amoebae move

A

move by by cytoplasmic flow through projections called pseudopodia (-ium)

35
Q

do amoebae have flagellum

A

no, they have pseudopodium

36
Q

where are are amoebae found

A

soil, fresh water, marine

37
Q

are amoebae heterotrophs or autotrophs

A

heterotrophs

38
Q

other than movement what else are their pseudopodia used for

A

capturing prey

39
Q

example of amoebae as an opportunistic parasite

A

Acanthamoeba and naegleria; both free living amoebae that can enter brain/ eye of host through freshwater contact

40
Q

example of amoebae as obligate parasite

A

entamoeba; parasites of humans, starts by eating bacteria within human but then turns pathogenic and eats host cells, feeds on lining of GI tract and moves to liver

E. histolyica causes amoebic dysentery; 100 000 deaths/year

41
Q

what are slime moulds

A

different sorts, some are amoebae

elements of both unicellular and multicellular life

originally thought to be fungi

42
Q

why are opisthokonts named that

A

presence of single posterior flagellum in cell

unicellular have single flagellum
multicellular forms also have cells w single flagellum (ex sperm)

43
Q

important group of opisthokonts

A

choanoflagellates

close relatives of animals

44
Q

choanoflagellate characeristics

A

choano; collar

flagella produce water current for feeding, food is trapped in collar, many unicellular, some colonial

45
Q

animals and fungi

A

multicellular group within the opisthokonta

46
Q

important apicomplexans

A

babesia
coccidiosis
malaria

47
Q

how do african tryanosomes cause disease in humans and animals (flagellate, euglenozoa, kinetoplastid)

A

They have variant surface glycoproteins (thick dense protein coat) their VSG is not recognized by the host and they can go undetected by immune system, they can periodically switch switch to another active VSG in order to stay undetected

they invade bloodstream and get into the CNS and cause coma and death

48
Q

how do both kinetoplastid and giardia reproduce

A

binary fission

49
Q

ciliates can undergo mitosis, but every so often will undergo conjugation, why?

A

their macronucleus is only functional for about 200 generations, then it needs to be broken down and a new one made

Vets 1060 Veterinary Biology (17 decks)

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