vertebrates; reptiles

Question 1

reptilia evolved form

Answer 1

amphibian ancestor 320 MYA

Question 2

modern reptiles derived from 2 lineages

Answer 2

• parareptilia; turtles and tortoises
• eureptilia: lepidosauromorpha (snakes, lizards, tuatara) and archosauromorpha (dinos, crocs and birds)

Question 3

parareptilia

Answer 3

turtules and torsoises

Question 4

eureptilia:

Answer 4

lepidosauromorpha
archosauromorpha

Question 5

lepidosauromorpha

Answer 5

snakes, lizards, tuatara

Question 6

archosauromorpha

Answer 6

dinos, crocs, birds

Question 7

4 orders of reptiles

Answer 7

• testudines; turtles, tortoises
• sphenodonta; tuatara
• squamata; lizards, snakes
• crocodilia; crocs, alligators, caimans, gharials

Question 8

largest species of testudines

Answer 8

leatherback

Question 9

two groups of testudines are based on

Answer 9

• on how they withdraw neck into shell
• cryptodira; contract neck; marine turtles, most freshwater turtles, tortoises
• pleurodira; flex neck laterally; some species of freshwater

Question 10

do testudines have teeth

Answer 10

no, keratinous ridges for grinding and slicing

Question 11

cryptodira

Answer 11

contract neck; marine turtles, most freshwater turtles, tortoises

Question 12

pleurodira

Answer 12

flex neck laterally
some species of freshwater turtle

Question 13

unique features of turtle is

Answer 13

position of limbs within shell: ribs encapsulate the scapulae

Question 14

sphenodonta

Answer 14

• tuatara,
• native to NZ,
• 2 species,
• lifespan of 100 yrs
• have teeth
• were considered most ancestral of amniotes but not
• diapsid skull

Question 15

squamates

Answer 15

• lizards first then snakes from lizards

Question 16

what percent of squamates are venemous

Answer 16

• 60%
• predominantly snakes but also 2 species of lizard: gila monster and mexican beaded lizard

Question 17

squamates have moveable

Answer 17

• quadrate bones (open mouth real wide)
• allows greater range of motion of mandibles

Question 18

crocodilia is the closest living relatives of

Answer 18

birds

Question 19

largest species of crocodilia

Answer 19

australian saltwater croc

Question 20

posture of crocodilia

Answer 20

• semi-sprawled
• allows them to gallop and go really fast
• ancestors were bipedal

Question 21

crocodilian sprawled gait was a ____ trait

Answer 21

derived

Question 22

2 main lineages of dinos

Answer 22

• ornithischia; bird hipped, herbivorous
• saurischia; lizard hipped
  includes sauropods which are herbivores and therapods which are carnivores

Question 23

oviraptor

Answer 23

egg thief
evidence of maternal care in dinos

Question 24

dinos; therapods (carnivores)

Answer 24

embryos hatches from eggs in similar manner to modern birds

Question 25

all reptiles must return to _____ to lay eggs or live young

Answer 25

land (exception is sea snakes)

Question 26

distribution of reptiles is limited by being

Answer 26

ectothermic; body temp determined by environment

Question 27

endothermic

Answer 27

body produces heat

Question 28

ecothermic

Answer 28

heat absorbed from environment

Question 29

homeothermic

Answer 29

body temp constant

Question 30

poikilothermic

Answer 30

body temp varies

Question 31

reptilia skin

Answer 31

thick, heavily keratinized stratum corneum epidermal scales keratin structures

Question 32

large plate-like scales of reptiles are called

Answer 32

scutes

Question 33

what are osteoderms

Answer 33

- plate of bones developed within the dermis - additional support to epidermis - crocs, testudines and some lizards

Question 34

in turtles and toroises; osteoderms (aka plate of shells within dermis)

Answer 34

fused with ribs and vertebra carapace and plastron

Question 35

reptilia have ____ vertebra

Answer 35

cervical; with specialzied atlas and axis

Question 36

describe reptile vertebra

Answer 36

- cervical with atlas and axis - thoracic and lumbar kind of the same (not distinguished) - 2 sacral vertebrae - caudal vertebrae

Question 37

reptile pectoral girdle

Answer 37

scapula, coracoid, clavicle and inter-clavicle

Question 38

reptile pelvic girdle

Answer 38

ilium, ischium and pubis, but arranged different to mammals

Question 39

limb bones of reptiles

Answer 39

similar to mammals 5 digits on each of manus and pes

Question 40

two reptile skull types

Answer 40

anapsid; no fenestrae; ancestral, turtles and tortoises diapsid; 2 fenestrae; dinos and cros, snakes, lizards and birds

Question 41

reptile lungs

Answer 41

- paired - many lizards have reduced left lung - snakes have long thin lungs - crocs and dinos have unidirectional flow like birds

Question 42

reptile heart

Answer 42

- higher metabolic rate than amphibians - greater oxygen demands than amphibians - no typical reptile heart; differ between species - separate pulmonary and systemic circulations

Question 43

sexual dimorphisms in reptiles

Answer 43

minimal or non-existent

Question 44

reptiles and reproductive

Answer 44

viviparous and oviparous or both

Question 45

viviparous

Answer 45

fertilized eggs retained in oviduct; greater protection

Question 46

oviparous

Answer 46

- oviduct deposits albumin shell membrane and shell - in turtles and crocs Ca2+ frp, shell used for calcification of embryonic skeleton - yolk is source of food

Question 47

parthenogenesis

Answer 47

- female produces fertilized egg w no man - embryo is derived from fusion of 2 eggs - female lizards, fish, insects and birds

Question 48

pterosaurs

Answer 48

big winged dinos except they are actually reptiles not dinos