SJ War

Question 1

when are elections help for a national assembly to discuss and approve a new constitution (GMD)

Answer 1

1936

Question 2

when is the directive to force CKS to engage with the japanese

Answer 2

1 september 1936 - the central committee issued a directive to force CKS to face the japanese. slogan -“compel CKS to resist Japan”

= shows his unpopular unilateral decision making

Question 3

when is Xian incident

Answer 3

Dec - CKS kidnapped udner Young Marshall’s command. the communists initially pushed for his execution but after pressure from stalin, they relented and suggested a 2nd united front
CKS verbally agreed to a 2nd united front (not written) and called off his offensive against the CCP

Question 4

second united front solidified

Answer 4

agreed in 1936 but CCP formally accepts CKS leadership and forces placed under the NRA control but they were mutually suspicious and never fully implemented
GMD to cease anti-communist operations and end political repression

Question 5

marco polo bridge incident

Answer 5

july 7th - japanese troops patrol and one soldier goes missing = skirmish with chinese. leads to an overreaction from the japanese who send in more troops

leads to the 26th july Beijing Ultimatum - CKS tries to diplomatically solve but eventually “the limits of endurance have been reached”

Question 6

when does beijing fall in SJ war

Answer 6

2 days after the Beijing Ultimatum - 28th july 1937

Question 7

when is the fight for shanghai and how does end

Answer 7

1937 august - nov - battle began in shanghai lasting over 8 months
700,000 chinese and 300,000 japanese deployed. 280,000 chinese casualties, 100,000 japanese casualties

ends in Nov - japanese launch 70,000 more troops and take it. nationalists retreat to nanjing and wuhan

Question 8

when is the failed bombing in the fight for shanghai

Answer 8

14th august 1937 - chinese bombed shanghai instead of japanese boats
minorly slows japanese

Question 9

9 Power Conference in Brussels

Answer 9

october 1937 - but world was distracted by hitler and mussolini + civil war in spain

Question 10

rape of nanjing

Answer 10

dec 1937 - in the nationalist captial
300,000 estimated dead
80,000 women raped in one month
dead into pits, living burnt alive, mutilation, women raped and disfigured

Question 11

stats about 1937

Answer 11

35 million lives taken in a population of 400 million

and 80% illiteracy

Question 12

1938 developments january

Answer 12

japanese fully capture nanjing and CKS moves into Wuhan

Question 13

yellow river SJ war

Answer 13

June 1938 - 1 million lives lost
slows japanese advance by 3 months as they are moving up the yellow river

= CKS pragmatic/cruel?

Question 14

when do wuhan and guangzhou fall in SJ war

Answer 14

in october 1938 - CKS moves his capital again to chongqing

Question 15

when is the Taierzhuang victory

Answer 15

1938 - led by Li Zongren (GMD) - he surrounds japanese in walled city
CKS mistrust established, begins to separate Zongren from his troops. = generals know even if loyal and successful, CKS wont care = distrust both ways, poor leadership

Question 16

SJ war stat on Japan’s defence budget

Answer 16

50% of japan’s national budget was spent on military (showing how they invested to train troops) and even 70% by 1945

Question 17

National Political Consultative Conference NPCC 1938

Answer 17

CKS announces in spirit of the 2nd united front, NPCC to “unite all forces in the country”
200 members, 120 from CCP and non-GMD parties
= but had little control over china as CKS retained autocratic control over governance

Question 18

100 regiment campaign drama

Answer 18

aug-dec 1940
led by Zhu De (CCP) against Hebei and Shandong provinces

losses were heavy - 22,000 CCP deaths but only 3000-4000 japanese deaths. in retaliation, japan launched the three alls campaign against the communists in yan’an - instructed to “kill all, loot all, burn all” = retreat into Shanxi province

= led to development of guerrilla warfare strat

Question 19

breakdown of the 2nd united front

Answer 19

jan 1941 - CKS orders his forces to attack the CCP New Fourth Army in the south. as Ye Ting (CCP) refused to move his troops and cooperate wiht CKS
- communists lost 7000/9000 men

Question 20

when does mao become accepted leader of ccp

Answer 20

september 1941

Question 21

When is pearl harbour

Answer 21

7th Dec 1941 - USA now involved in fighting the japanese.
american airbases set up in china, USA dlew in supplies of weapons and equipment to chongqing.

Question 22

when do ussr withdraw soviet pilots

Answer 22

1941 - they sign the non-aggression pact wiht japan and soviet volunteer pilots were withdrawn from the CCP’s command

Question 23

when is dogshit speech

Answer 23

feb 1942
dogma is good in theory but dogshit to defeat the japanese

= able to undermine CKS for persecuting the CCP for ideological differences rather than dealing with the bigger threat

Question 24

when does the usa send in stilwell

Answer 24

march 1942 after the 2nd united front is being undermined

Question 25

when is the rectification campaign in yan'an

Answer 25

feb 1942

Question 26

when do the usa and britain relinquish all territorial and extra-territorial rights in china

Answer 26

1943

Question 27

ichigo offensive

Answer 27

april 1944 japanese plan to take out USA, in order to form a land route to indochina (supplies) as well as to capture US airbases and halt B-29 bomber raids on japan but americans maintain air defence and push it back

Question 28

when is the dixie mission

Answer 28

july 1944 the discipline and order of the PLA is praised, and impresses the Americans who become increasingly frustrated with CKS and the disorder of the GMD's army that they set up direct contact wiht CCP

Question 29

when does hurley arrive in china

Answer 29

nov 1944 - to mediate between the CCP and GMD

Question 30

when is CCP constitution

Answer 30

1945 - CCP party constitution enshrined Mao Zedong Thought as the guide to the entire work of the party Mao's position as leader of the CCP is fully consolidated

Question 31

when is hiroshima and nagasaki

Answer 31

august 1945 - 6th aug is bombing, 18th august japanese surrender

Question 32

when was the first allied strategy against the japanese

Answer 32

1942 - known as the CBI (China, Burma, India) Theater of War

Question 33

when was Stilwell appointed charge over both Chinese and American forces

Answer 33

July 1942

Question 34

when does china become one of the big three

Answer 34

feb 1945 USA offered for the chinese to become one of the major superpowers in the world = USSR, UK, USA

Question 35

potsdam conference

Answer 35

july 1945 - roosevelt had died and truman succeeded him between stalin, churchill and truman. one day before, the US had confirmed the success of the atomic bomb and thus gave the Potsdam Declaration which was an ultimatum to Japan to surrender =japanese didnt take it seriously and soforth came hiroshima, nagasaki. august - the surrender was made official and the war ended

Question 36

why was the presence of japan particularly devastating for chinese infrastructure

Answer 36

-they had obviously destroyed roads, bridges amidst the fighting -however, in their retreat, they blew up bridges etc to prevent the chinese from following them on their retreat. (scorched earth tactics)

Question 37

mao's strategy and division of efforts (basic point ot counter CKS's mismanagement)

Answer 37

broke down into 3 parts: 1. 70% towards communist recruitment 2. 20% towards keeping the nationalists from expanding 3.10% towards fighting foreign invaders

Question 38

how many soldiers were used in the war and its impact

Answer 38

14 million = th epopultion was physically and emotionally exhausted

Question 39

how many soldiers died and how many civilians died in the SJ war

Answer 39

1.3 million soldiers died 10 million civilians died

Question 40

how was Mao a suckup to the USA

Answer 40

in NOV 1944 he wrote a letter to Roosevelt saying it was 'always his desire to reach an agreement with CKS' and that through Hurley he had seen 'sudden hope and realisation' = could have been to show his appreciation for American efforts but it is more likely that Mao was using this to gain the respect of the Americans as well as the Chinese population.

Question 41

rape of nanjing stat on women abuse

Answer 41

between 1932-45, approximately 200,000 women were forced into sexual slavery by the japanese imperial forces.

Question 42

american aid in the SJ war

Answer 42

500 million dollars 100 air force pilots to assist the Chinese military

Question 43

chiang's failures in the SJ war - summary just read this

Answer 43

1937 he allowed foreign invaders who during the course of 8 years took over 10 million civilian lives. he failed to meet the needs and necessities of the people and there was tremendous economic devastation in China - reform policies were not implemented quickly enough he was uncooperative with the americans such as hurley, marshall and stilwell (peanut)

Question 44

quote from CKS about the communists and japanese

Answer 44

the japanese are a disease of the skin whereas the communists are a disease of the heart.

Question 45

rape of nanjing

Answer 45

dec 13th Nanjing fell 300,000 estimated dead the dead were piled in pits, buried alive mutilated bodies were burnt women were raped and disfigured

Question 46

how many communist troops 1938-45

Answer 46

1938: 46,000 troops 1945: 1 million and the 8th army

Question 47

Pingxingguan

Answer 47

SEPT 1937, first time guerilla warfare was used led by lin biao, 8th route army targeted japanese supply convoy, approx 6000 CCP troops killed 1000 japanese. military victory where the communists looted 100 japanese trucks and weapons =gained japanese weapons that were even banned under the geneva convention such as poison gas

Question 48

flood of the Yellow river

Answer 48

june 1938 - military tactic to slow the advance of the Japanese as it would impede the army's mobility and disrupt supply lines CKS decided to breach the dikes of the yellow river with no warning to civilians 400,000+ deaths however, this only slowed the japanese 3 months

Question 49

quote Mao proof that he had no intention of cooperating with the americans and CKS

Answer 49

'Appeasement is like lifting a stone only to drop it on one's toes' = implies that Mao believed accommodating American suggestions, CKS's beliefs and Japanese aggression would only embolden the aggressors and further harm China. resistance and resilience were the way forward not compromise or appeasement == emphasises the futility and harm inherent in appeasement in the face of aggression from the japanese and nationalists

Question 50

why did the USSR not initially back the CCP

Answer 50

they thought the possibility of a communist revolution was not possible short term but wanted to allow china to industrialise under the GMD and bourgeoisie which would prompt revolution

Question 51

Taierzhuang victory

Answer 51

1938 - Li Zongren (GMD) surrounds the Japanese in an old walled city. = successful => however this demonstrates his power, and makes CKS paranoid and creates mistrust as he doesnt know if Zongren will be loyal and thus decides to keep Zongren moving around the country so he cannot establish firm connections and 'rebel' - wasting his talentsr

Question 52

why was hurley sent to china

Answer 52

to mediate between stilwell and CKS

Question 53

chonqqing negotiations

Answer 53

1945 post war hurley tries to set up peace between the parties the double tenth agreement aims to set up a coalition to prevent civil war but hostilities continue

Question 54

proof CKS didnt trust his generals x3

Answer 54

1. put the Young Marshall under house arrest for 50 years after the Xian incident instead of utilising his contacts and expertise in 1936 2. commanded the japanese counter offensive in burma from 2000 miles away in 1942 3. after Li Zongren surrounded the Japanese successfully in 1938 at Taierzhuang CKS moved him around the country so that he could never form bonds with soldiers that coudl result in a 'rebellion'

Question 55

evidence of GMD army weakness of soldiers

Answer 55

in the GMD, 60-70% of inductees did not finish basic training many deserted 20% starved behind allied lines

Question 56

drama over burma

Answer 56

1942 - the japanese took Lashio and cut the Burma Road (which was supplying the chinese) They continued to try take it back but it was hampered by the Ichigo Offensive and didnt manage to take it back until the war was over

Question 57

influence of trade embargos

Answer 57

1940 the US puts an iron and fuel embargo on japan 1941 Netherlands, GB and USA trade embargo japan => pearl harbour

Question 58

proof CKS was always more concerned about the chinese

Answer 58

100 million dollars in materials and aid sent by the US was siphoned off to prepare for the eventual CCP conflict (1943 ish)

Question 59

financial mismanagement stats by CKS X3.5

Answer 59

By 1936, the KMT issued 1.4 billion Chinese yuan, BY 1945, over 1.031 trillion yuan had been printed to cover deficits, largely driven by military costs. War expenses in 1945 alone were estimated at 2,500 billion yuan against a taxation revenue of just 0.25 billion, indicating heavy reliance on printing money