skeletal Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
the skeleton
A
composite structure of bone, cartilage, ligaments, and other connective tissues to stabilize and connect bones
2
Q
cartilage
A
semi rigid CT
3
Q
3 major fxns of cartilage
A
support soft tissue, gliding surface for articulations, model for bone formation
4
Q
3 types of cartilage
A
hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
5
Q
chondroblasts
A
make cartilage
6
Q
chondrocyte
A
mature cartilage cell that maintains matrix and tissues overall health and viability
7
Q
hyaline cartilage fxn
A
support, flexibility
8
Q
fibrocartilage fxn
A
tensile strength due to parallel thick collagen fibers
9
Q
elastic cartilage fxn
A
flexibility and support
10
Q
most abundant cartilage
A
hyaline
11
Q
cartilages that contain perichondrium
A
hyaline and elastic
12
Q
interstitial growth
A
growth from within
13
Q
appositional growth
A
growth along periphery or outside edge
14
Q
type of growth that occurs during embryonic development
A
interstitial and appositional
15
Q
bone is primarily composed of … tissue
A
osseous
16
Q
fxns of bone
A
support and protection, movement, blood cell formation, storage of calcium and energy (fat)
17
Q
long bones
A
longer than wide
18
Q
short bones
A
length and width similar
sesamoid bone
19
Q
flat bones
A
thin, usually curved
20
Q
irregular bones
A
elaborate, complex shape
21
Q
condyle
A
large smooth rounded oval surface
22
Q
facet
A
small flat shallow surface
23
Q
head
A
prominent rounded epiphysis
24
Q
trochlea
A
smooth grooved pulley like process
25
alveolus
deep pit or socket in the maxillae or mandible
26
fossa
flattened or shallow depression
27
sulcus
narrow groove
28
crest
narrow prominent ridgelike projection
29
epicondyle
projection adjacent to a condyle
30
line
low ridge
31
process
any marked bony prominence
32
ramus
angular extension of a bone relative to the rest of the structure
33
spine
pointed slender process
34
trochanter
massive rough projection found only on the femur
35
tubercle
small round projection
36
tuberosity
large rough projection
37
canal
passage way through a bone
38
fissure
narrow slit like opening through a bone
39
foramen
rounded passageway through a bone
40
meatus
passageway through a bone
41
sinus
cavity or hollow space in a bone
42
diaphysis
leverage
43
epiphysis
strengthen joints, SA for attachment
44
metaphysis
epiphyseal line or epiphyseal growth plate, depending on age, site of growth (length)
45
articular cartilage
hyaline cartilage without perichondrium
46
medullary cavity
hollow part of diaphysis that contains red and yellow marrow cavity, vasculature, innervation
47
endosteum
connective tissue on inside of bone that contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts
48
periosteum
dense irregular connective tissue on outside of bone
cellular inner layer and fibrous outer layer
protects and insulates bone, anchors vessels and nerves, osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts
49
perforating fibers
arise from periosteum and help anchor periosteum to diaphysis, meets articular cartilage on each side
50
osteoprogenitor cells are derived from
mesenchyme
51
cells involved in bone resorption
osteoclasts
52
osteoblasts
secrete HCl which dissolves calcium and phosphate which goes into canaliculi and is eventually picked up by lymph and blood
53
osteoclasts
have lysosomes which secrete enzymes that dissolve the organic component of matrix, use acid snd digestive enzymes to degrade bone
54
inorganic components of bones
ca, k, na, mg, carbonate, phosphate
hydroxyapatites
55
osteon fxn
strength, protection against twisting/torque
56
fxn of spongy bone
cross bracing, reduce weight, support and protect marrow
57
ossification of bony skeleton begins at around…
8 weeks of development
58
ossificstion in adults is used for…
remodeling and repair
59
osteogenesis
physical process of bone formation
60
ossification
replacing other tissue with bone
61
calcification
deposition of calcium salts
62
dermal ossification
process by which bone develops within a mesenchymal or fibrous CT
63
primary bone
aka woven bone
formed first in dermal ossification
immature and not well organized
64
secondary bone
aka lamellar bone
compact and spongy bone
periosteum formed
65
short bone ossification centers
only has primary ossification centers
66
irregular bones ossification centers
only have primary ossification centers but in many different places
67
long bone ossification centers
primary and secondary ossification centers
68
zone 1 of interstitial growth
healthy normal hyaline cartilage, secure epiphysis to epiphyseal plate
69
zone 2 of interstitial growth
growth in size and numbers, arrange in longitudinal columns, lacunae flatten
70
zone 3 of interstitial growth
increase in size but stop proliferating, lacunae thinning out, pushes epiphyseal end away from epiphyseal growth plate
71
zone 4 of interstitial growth
calcification, minerals are deposited in the matrix column between cells, cut down nutrient flow, chondrocytes die
72
zone 5 of interstitial growth
walls of lacunae break down, form longitudinal columns/channels which are invaded by capillaries and osteoprogenitor cells, lay down bone matrix on calcified columns, use matrix as template
73
prior to and throughout puberty bone undergoes
bone formation more than resorption
74
in mature adults bones undergo
resorption more than bone formation
75
appositional growth occurs within … and along …
periosteum, medullary cavity
76
bone remodeling is stimulated by
stress
77
bone remodeling occurs at … and … surfaces
periosteal, endosteal
78
bone is a … organ
mechanosensitive
79
mechanosensitive
alters structure to suit its mechanical environment
80
mechanotransduction
process by which physical forces are converted into biochemical signals which are integrated into cellular responses
81
vessels and nerves in bone enter through…
periosteum
82
nutrient vessels
supply diaphysis and enter central canals of osteons within compact bone and marrow cavity
83
metaphyseal vessels
supply diaphysial side of epiphyseal plate
84
epiphyseal vessels
supply epiphysis
85
periosteal vessels
supply superficial osteons within compact bone at external ends of shaft, enter perforating canals within shaft
86
nerves enter bone accompanying blood vessels through the…
nutrient foramen
87
growth hormone
stimulate liver somatomedins that directly stimulate cartilage growth at epiphyseal plate
88
thyroid hormone
influences the basal metabolic rate of bone cells
89
calcitonin (CT)
encourages Ca deposition into bone; depresses osteoclast activity
90
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
stimulates osteoclast activity to resorb bone
91
sex hormones
dramatically accelerate bone growth, stimulate osteoblasts at epiphyseal plate, signals EP closure at puberty
92
glucorticoids
normal levels no effect but if chronically high, increase bone resorption
93
vitamin A
activates osteoblasts
94
vitamin C
required for normal cartilage synthesis
95
vitamin D
stimulates absorption and transport of Ca and P ions into blood
96
bone gains strength in response to … due to increase in …
mechanical stress, amount of mineral salt deposition and collagen fibers synthesized
97
fracture repair steps
1. blood clot
2. soft callus forms
3. hard callus forms from osteoblasts laying primary bone
4. osteoclasts remove excess bony material and compact bones replace primary bone
98
potts fracture
ankle, both bones of leg
99
comminuted fracture
shatter into multitude of bony fragments
100
transverse fractures
break across long axis of shaft (across width)
101
spiral fractures
from twisting stresses, spread along the length of the bone
102
displaced fractures
produce new and abnormal bone arrangements
103
nondisplaced fractures
retain normal alignment of the bones of fragments
104
colles fracture
break in the distal portion if the radius, typically from reaching out to cushion a fall
105
greenstick fracture
only one side of shaft is broken and the other side is bent, typically occurs in children
106
epiphyseal fracture
bone matrix is undergoing calcification and chondrocytes are dying
107
compression fracture
vertebrae subject to extreme stresses such as landing on butt
108
aging affects bones in 2 ways:
tensile strength decreases, loss of Ca and other minerals
109
osteopenia
bone mineral density is lower than normal peak bmd, but not low enough to be classified as osteoporosis
110
pagets disease
old bone breakdown > new bone synthesis, body responds by making bone faster, but weaker softer bone
