Unit 1 Flashcards
(296 cards)
1
Q
shape and structure of a cell determines its…
A
function
2
Q
father of scientific anatomy
A
herophilus
3
Q
public dissections of live specimens comparing human and animal morphology
A
herophilus
4
Q
discovered nervous system, distinguishes sensory from motor nerves
A
herophilus
5
Q
considered second only to hippocrates
A
galen
6
Q
prince of physicians
A
galen
7
Q
proved that arteries are full of blood
A
galen
8
Q
came up with the spirit system (pneuma)
A
galen
9
Q
first to introduce notion of experimentation to medicine with dog urinary bladder study
A
galen
10
Q
natural spirit
A
liver; nutrition and metabolism
11
Q
vital spirit
A
heart; temperature and blood blow
12
Q
animal spirit
A
brain; sensory and movement
13
Q
sub disciplines of anatomy
A
microscopic and gross
14
Q
microscopic anatomy
A
observes structures that cannot be seen by unaided eye
instrumentation and magnification
histology and cytology
15
Q
histology
A
study of tissues
16
Q
cytology
A
study of a cell and its specific structures
17
Q
gross/microscopic anatomy
A
structure and relationships of large body parts visible to unaided eye
18
Q
macroscopic anatomy approaches/branches
A
developmental, regional, surface, systemic, pathologic, radiographic, surgical
19
Q
developmental anatomy
A
changes in structure from conception thru maturity
20
Q
regional anatomy
A
examines structure in particular region of the body as a complete unit
21
Q
surface anatomy
A
examines both superficial anatomical markings and internal structures as they relate to skin covering them
22
Q
systemic anatomy
A
examines macroscopic anatomy of each organ system
23
Q
pathologic anatomy
A
anatomic changes due to disease
24
Q
radiographic anatomy
A
relationships among internal structures visualized by specific imaging procedures
25
surgical anatomy
anatomic landmarks used for surgical procedures
26
anatomy relies upon… (tools of the trade)
precise observation, thorough description, and correct use of terminology
27
structural organization
chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal
28
tissue types
epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle
29
for growth to occur, anabolic activity must be … than catabolic activity
greater
30
responsiveness is also known as…
irritability
31
11 organ systems
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
32
integumentary organs
skin, glands, hair
33
skeletal organs
skull, vertebrae, cartilage, limbs, rib, sternum, knee joint, sacrum
34
muscular organs
tendons, sartorius muscle, pectoralis major muscle, aponeurosis, orbicularis oculi muscle
35
nervous organs
sense organs, brain, spinal cord, nerves
36
endocrine organs
hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, kidney, parathyroid, gonads
37
cardiovascular organs
heart, blood, vessels
38
lymphatic organs
lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph vessel, thoracic duct
39
respiratory organs
lungs, larynx, nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, thoracic diaphragm
40
digestive organs
oral cavity, pharynx, salivary glands, esophagus, liver, stomach, large intestine, small intestine
41
urinary organs
kidney, ureters, urethra, urinary bladder
42
reproductive organs
scrotum, testis, urethra, prostate gland, penis, epididymis, seminal vesicles, ductus deferens
mammary glands, ovaries, uterus, vagina, uterine tube, external genitalia (clitoris, labia)
43
fxn of integumentary
protection, regulation of temp, prevent water loss, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous receptors
44
fxn of skeletal
support, protection, hemopolesis, calcium and phosphorus storage, muscle attachment
45
fxn of muscular
body movement, generates heat when contracting
46
fxn of nervous
body movement, control other systems, consciousness, intelligence, memory
47
fxn of endocrine
regulate body and cell growth, chemical levels in the body, reproductive functions
48
fxn of cardiovascular
heart pumps blood through vessels to distribute hormones, nutrients, and gasses, pick up waste products
49
fxn of lymphatic
immune response, filters and transports lymph
50
fxn of respiratory
exchange of gases between blood and air in the lungs
51
fxn of digestive
mechanically and chemically digests food materials, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products
52
fxn of urinary
filter blood, remove waste, concentrate waste products in urine, expel waste from body
53
fxn of reproductive
produce sex cells and hormones, male transfers sperm to female, oocyte is fertilized, embryo grows and develops into fetus, breast milk produced for newborn
54
two main body cavities
ventral and dorsal
55
dorsal cavity
aka posterior aspect, contains cranial cavity and vertebral canal
56
ventral cavity
contains abdominopelvic cavity and thoracic cavity, separated by diaphragm
57
abdominopelvic cavity
contains abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
58
thoracic cavity
contains mediastinum, pleural cavity, and pericardial cavity
59
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are lined by a ... membrane
serous
60
serous membrane
divides and partitions body into smaller parts, 2 layers separated by lubricating film of serous fluid
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2 layers of serous membrane
parietal and visceral
62
parietal layer
outer layer
63
visceral layer
inner layer (against the organ)
64
pleural cavity
space between visceral and parietal pleura
65
anatomical position
universal point of reference for consistency
66
why do the thumbs point out in the anatomical position?
so that the ulna and radius are parallel
67
fxns of cells
covering, lining, storage, movement, connection, defense, communication, reproduction
68
average size of cell
30 um (micrometers)
69
cells in the body usually range between ... and ...
8 um, 1 meter
70
3 basic components of cell
plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm
71
cytoplasm
cytosol, organelles, inclusions; site of metabolic activity
72
nucleus
control center, directs cells' functional and structural characteristics
73
plasma membrane is also called a...
plasmalemma
74
fxn of plasma membrane
selectively permeable, divide internal components (ICF and ECF), surface area, cell growth, cell integrity
75
glycocalyx
carbohydrate on surface of the cell, binds cells
76
protein-specific fxns of plasma membrane
transport, intercellular attachment, anchorage for the cytoskeleton, enzyme activity, cell-cell recognition, signal reduction
77
factors that influence transport of materials across PM
transport proteins, PM structure (phospholipid composition), ionic charge, concentration gradients, lipid solubility, molecular size
78
passive transport processes
simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, bulk filtration
79
facilitated diffusion
specific carrier
80
passive bulk filtration/bulk movement
solvent and solute move across PM, pressure gradient
81
active transport processes
ion pumps, bulk transport
82
ion pumps
important, permits cells to maintain internal ion/molecule concentrations
83
active bulk transport
moves large structures in bulk across PM (macromolecules)
84
sodium potassium pump
primary active transport system, antiport mechanism (Na moves in, K moves out
85
primary active transport system
sets ion gradient, uses energy from hydrolysis of ATP
86
secondary active transport system
coupled system, transport driven indirectly by energy stored in ion gradients created by primary to pump things
87
exocytosis
bulk transport OUT, ADDS to the PM
88
endocytosis types
phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis
89
endocytosis
bulk transport IN, takes away from the PM
90
cytosol
viscous, syrup-like fluid, intracellular fluid
91
inclusions
large and diverse group of chemical substances stored by cells, such as pigments, glycogen
92
3 basic structures of nucleus
nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin (DNA)
93
endomembrane system
organelles that work together to produce, store, and export biological molecules, and degrade potentially harmful substances
(golgi, lysosomes, vesicles, PM)
94
nuclear envelope
double membrane with perinuclear space, nuclear lamina made of lamins, nuclear pores ("gatekeepers")
95
nucleoli
dark spherical bodies in nucleus that produce ribosomal subunits
96
chromatin
composed of equal amounts of DNA and histone proteins, nucleosomes with DNA wrapped histones, chromosomes coiled and condensed
97
interphase
routine activities
98
mitotic phase
tissue growth, maintenance and repair
99
G0 phase
non dividing stage
100
DNA and centrioles start to replicate going from ... to ...
G1, S
101
aging reduces ... fxn
metabolic
102
types of tissue death
necrosis and apoptosis
103
necrosis
breakdown of homeostasis, integrity lost, inflammation, Ca released
104
apoptosis
programmed cell death, removes unwanted cells
105
gastrulation occurs at ... of development
3 weeks
106
... is a critical period of development because it is sensitive to ...
gastrulation, teratogens
107
teratogen
agent or factor that causes malformation of embryo and disrupts embryo formation
108
ectoderm is derived from...
epithelial and nervous tissue
109
mesoderm is derived from...
epithelial, connective, and muscle tissue
110
endoderm is derived from...
epithelial tissue
111
epithelial tissue fxn
covering/protecting body surfaces and lining body cavities, selective permeability, secretions, sensation
112
epithelium
one or more layers of closely packed epithelial cells that forms a barrier between two compartments having differing components
113
characteristics of epithelial tissue
closely packed, apical and basal surfaces, supported by CT with basement membrane, avascular, richly innervated, high regenerative capacity
114
basement membrane
comprised of laminae that strengthen attachment and form molecular barrier
115
fxn of basement membrane
support, anchor epithelium to CT, regulate movement,
116
lamina propria
connective tissue just underlying a surface epithelium of an internal organ
117
factors that help PM bind cells
glycocalyx, tongue and groove, intercellular junctions
118
types of intercellular junctions
tight junction, adhering junction, desmosome, gap junction
119
tight junctions also known as
zonula occludens
120
adhering junctions also known as
zonula adherens
121
desmosomes also known as
macula adherens
122
gap junctions also known as
nexus
123
tight junctions fxn
prevent passage between cells
124
adhering junctions fxn
support apical surface and provides a passageway between cells in direction of basal surface
125
desmosomes fxn
distribute stress
126
gap junctions fxn
allow direct communication between adjacent cells
127
tongue and groove
provides strength and increases surface area
128
junctional complex
combination of intercellular junctions, near the cell apex; tight junction, adhering junction, desmosome; reinforces the integrity of epithelium
129
neuroepithelium
specialized epithelium that houses specific cells responsible for senses of taste, smell, vision, hearing, and equilibrium
130
a squamous cell is shaped like a ... with a ... nucleus
graham cracker, flat
131
a cuboidal cell is shaped like a ... with a ... nucleus
marshmallow, spherical
132
a columnar cell is shaped like a ... with a ... nucleus
hersheys bar, oblong
133
simple epithelium consists of...
a single layer of cells
134
stratified epithelium consists of...
several layers of cells
135
glands originate as...
small invaginations from the epithelium into the underlying CT
136
glands are primarily made of...
epithelial tissue
137
2 classifications of glands
exocrine and endocrine
138
exocrine glands
at skin surface, usually through a duct
139
endocrine glands
hormones are secreted into blood, interstitialfluid, lymph
140
unicellular exocrine gland
single exocrine cells with predominantly nonsecretory epithelium that tends to be located near the surface of the epithelium
141
example of unicellular exocrine gland
goblet cell
142
goblet cells produce...
mucin
143
mucin
attracts water and forms mucous
144
multicellular exocrine gland
several cells that work together to form a secretion which is then released onto the epithelium; made of simple cuboidal epithelium
145
parts of multicellular exocrine glands
stroma, parenchyma, secretory units
146
stroma
CT framework
147
parenchyma
functional portion
148
secretory units
acinus and duct; ducts, vasculature, nerves
149
simple glands
unbranched (one duct)
150
compound glands
branched (multiple ducts)
151
tubular gland
tube-like secretory portion
152
acinar/alveolar gland
sac-like secretory portion
153
tubuloacinar/tubuloacinar gland
combination secretory portion
154
serous secretion
watery, nonviscous
155
mucous secretion
mucin
156
mixed secretion
both serous and mucin cells
157
secretion methods
merocrine/eccrine, apocrine, holocrine
158
merocrine/eccrine gland
most common, exocytosis, salivary gland
159
apocrine gland
pinching off of apical portion o f secretory cell
160
holocrine gland
disintegrating cells becoming the secretion
161
most diverse, abundant, widely distributed and structurally variable tissue
connective tissue
162
connective tissue fxn
support, protect, and bind organs, immune protection, store calcium and phosphorus, transport
163
extracellular matrix of connective tissue
protein fibers and ground substance
164
function of collagen fibers
strength and shape, stretch
165
fxn of elastic
stretch, flexibility, resiliency, support
166
fxn of reticular
interwoven meshwork made of fine collagen fibers, delicate network
167
mesenchyme
part of mesoderm, loosely packed unspecialized cells set in gelatinous ground substance
168
CT 3 broad categories
proper, supporting, fluid
169
proper CT
loose, dense
170
supporting CT
cartilage, bone
171
fluid CT
blood
172
loose CT
fewer fibers, more ground substance
areolar, adipose, reticular
173
dense CT
more fibers, less ground substance
regular, irregular
174
cartilage
has holes called lacunae
hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
175
bone
compact, spongy
176
why is blood considered CT?
it contains cells, proteins, and ground substance
177
mucous membrane
lines cavities that are OPEN to exterior
consists of epithelium and underlying lamina propria
178
serous membrane
lines cavities that are closed to the exterior
consists of parietal layer and visceral layer
179
cutaneous membrane
skin
180
synovial membrane
in joints/articulations
181
parietal layer lines the...
inner surface of body cavities
182
visceral layer lines the...
outer surface of organs
183
muscle tissue is composed of specialized cells referred to as...
fibers
184
when contraction happens, the cell...
shortens
185
types of contractile tissue
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
186
skeletal muscle
long, striated, voluntary
187
cardiac muscle
short, striated, intercalated disks, involuntary, pacemaker cells, desmosomes and gap junctions
188
smooth muscle
fusiform shape, unstriated, short, one centrally located nucleus, involuntary, pacemaker cells
189
pacemaker cells
initiate contraction
190
nervous tissue is aka,,,
neural tissue
191
nervous tissue is composed of...
neurons and glial cells
192
neuron
communication
soma, axon, dendrites
193
glial cell
support cells
oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, schwann cells, satellite cells
194
dendrites ... signals
receive
195
axons ... signals
send
196
fxn of nervous tissue
detect stimuli, process info quickly, rapidly transmit electrical impulses for overall body communication
197
metaplasia
mature epithelium changes into a different form of mature epithelium
198
hypertrophy
increase in the side of an existing cell
199
hyperplasia
increase in cell numbers
200
atrophy
shrinkage of tissue (decrease of cell size or number)
201
neoplasia
growth proceeds out of control and a tumor of abnormal tissue develops (benign or malignant)
202
barretts esophagus
normal squamous cells change into a mixture of stratified squamous and simple columnar
203
integumentary system consists of...
skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands, sweat glands
204
3 layers of integument
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
205
integument accounts for ... of body weight
7-8%
206
male skin is...
thicker, has more sebum, has more collagen
207
touch receptors
meissners corpuscles
208
arrector pilli muscle
smooth involuntary muscle
causes goosebumps
209
vasculature and innervations are brought in at the ... layer
subcutaneous
210
integument fxns
protection, water retention, temp regulation, metabolic regulation, immune defense, sensory reception, excretion
211
epidermis is...
keratinized, avascular, layered
212
layers of epidermis
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
213
stratum basale has a ... border
wavy
214
cells in stratum basale
keratinocytes (cuboidal), melanocytes, tactile (Merkel)
215
stratum spinosum
several layers thick
216
stratum spinosum is composed of
intermediate filaments, desmosomes, prekeratin, langerhan's/epidermal dendritic cells
217
langerhans/epidermal dendritic cells
immune cells; arise from bone marrow and migrate to epidermis, layer with highest numbers, slender processes from network among keratinocytes
218
stratum granulosum
thin strata of flattened keratinocytes, lamellated granules
219
stratum lucidum is only present in ... skin
thick
220
eleiden
clear intracellular protein, keratohyalin granules begin to associate with keratin filaments causing aggregation into parallel arrays
221
fxn of stratum lucidum
additional support, cushioning, thickness
222
stratum corneum is ... cell layers thick
20-30
223
stratum corneum is composed of...
dead, anucleate cells
224
fxn of stratum corneum
provides barrier
225
life cycle of a keratinocyte
new epidermis every 25 to 45 days
226
thick skin
5 layers
palms, foot sole, fingers, toes
contains sweat glands, but no hair follicles or sebaceous glands
227
thin skin
4 layers, lacking the stratum lucidum
contains hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands
228
carotene
yellow-orange
229
erythema
redness/inflammation
230
cyanosis
blue hue
231
nevus/mole
overgrowth of melanin-forming cells
232
freckles
excessive activity of melanocyte
233
friction ridges
folds/valleys of both dermal and epidermal tissue, provides more surface area
234
dermis composed of 2 layers
papillary, reticular
235
dermis contains...
vasculature, hair follicles, secretory (sweat glands)
236
most superficial layer of dermis
papillary
237
papillary layer is composed of...
areolar CT
238
fxn of dermal papillae
increase surface area and maintain attachment
239
dermal papillae
interlock with epidermal ridges, increase area of contact between layers
240
meissners corpuscle
tactile receptor
241
subpapillary vascular plexus
collection of tubes/fibers
site of capillary loops that supply nutrients to cells of epidermis
242
thickest layer of dermis
reticular layer
243
reticular layer is composed of...
dense irregular CT with large bundles of collagen projecting in many different directions
244
fxn of reticular layer
adds strength
245
pacinian corpuscle
responds to vibrations
246
lines of cleavage/tension lines
orientation of fibers resist applied stress placed upon skin during movement
247
dermis has ... innervation
extensive
248
dermal vasculature
supplies nutrients to dermis, dermal structures and epidermis, regulate temp
249
subcutaneous layer/hypodermis is composed of...
areolar CT and adipose tissue
250
fxns of subcutaneous layer
protecting padding, energy reservoir, thermal insulation
251
epidermal accessory organs
hair, nails, exocrine glands
252
dermal papilla cells
special dermal fibroblast cells
253
epidermal peg
epidermal cells start proliferating and push down into the dermis
254
nails are formed from...
hard keratin (cysetine)
255
fxns of nails
protection of distal tips, prevent damage/distortion
256
nail root
where nail body originates
257
nail matrix
thickened portion
258
lunula
half moon, growth site
259
eponychium
cuticle, covers nail root/bed and makes shiny
260
hyponychium
prevents dirt and bacteria from entering under nail
261
nail bed
contains deeper, living layers of epidermis
262
pilli
hair
263
hair bulb/papilla
nutrient source, site of hair growth, melanocytes
264
hair root
remainder of hair in follicle
265
hair shaft
portion of hair that extends beyond skin surface
266
hair follicle
tube that surrounds hair, concentric layers
267
lanugo
fine, unpigmented, downy hair
268
velum hair
fine, pigmented hair that replaces lanugo hair; primary human hair
arms, legs
269
terminal hair
course pigmented hair
scalp, facial hair, pubic, armpit
270
melanin synthesized in...
matrix
271
anagen
growing phase
272
catagen
resting phase
273
telogen
shedding phase
274
new hair growth begins inside...
follicle, internal to older hair, which is pushed ahead and eventually falls from follicle
275
alopecia
hair thinning, hair follicle stops producing hair, occurs in both sexes usually as a result of aging, sometimes stress
276
male pattern baldness
hair lost from select regions of scalp, due to testosterone
277
diffuse hair loss
happens in women due to hormones, often in pregnancy
278
hirutism
excessive hairiness
279
fxns of hair
protection, heat retention, facial expression, sensory reception, visual identification, chemical signal dispersal
280
sudoriferous (sweat) glands
produce watery secretion which performs many fxns
281
sweat gland secretory unit contains...
myoepithelial cells
282
types of sweat glands
apocrine, merocrine (eccrine)
283
fxns of merocrine sweat gland
thermoregulation, secretion, protection
284
apocrine sweat glands are localized to...
axillary, anal, pubic areas, turns on at puberty
285
myoepithelial cells
cause secretory unit to be squished and push secretion into duct
286
merocrine sweat glands contain ... cells
simple cuboidal
287
sebaceous gland mode of secretion
holocrine
288
sebaceous glands secrete...
sebum
289
sebum
oily waxy secretory product that acts like a lubricant for skin and hair, preventing it from becoming dry, brittle, cracked, bactericidal properties
290
sebaceous glands become active at...
puberty
291
pilosebaceous unit
hair follicle, sebaceous gland, hair shaft
292
ceruminous glands
modified sweat glands located in ear canal
produce cerumen (earwax)
293
mammary glands
modified apocrine sweat glands
secrete milk
294
tissue repair occurs via...
regeneration, restores organ function
295
if damage is severe...
scar tissue (fibrosis) forms and fxn cannot be restored
296
what forms scar tissue
fibroblasts
