Skeletal

Question 1

Functions of Bones

Answer 1

1. Support
2. Protect
3. Muscle attachement
4. Hemopoiesis
   
   • red bone marrow
5. Storage of manerals ( phosphorus, Calcium)

Question 2

Histology of bones

Answer 2

Components
1. Bone Cells
2. Matrix
Collagenous Fibers
- Give resilience to bones
Calcified ground substance
- Give hardness to bones
- Calcium phosphate
- Calcium Carbonate

Question 3

Bone cells

Answer 3

Osteoblast
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

Question 4

• embryonic bone cells
• active in bone formation

Answer 4

Osteoblasts

Question 5

mature osteoblasts

Answer 5

Osteocytes

Question 6

bone reabsorption / resorption and remodeling

Answer 6

Osteoclasts

Question 7

MAINTAINING THE BONE

Answer 7

1. Endocrine system control
2. Parathormone
   
   • Calcium release
     hypocalcemia- increased blood calcium (PTH & Cal
     release)
3. Calcitonin
   
   • hypercalcemia - decreased blood calcium
     (calcitonin release)

Question 8

CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
according to structures

Answer 8

• COMPACT / DENSE
• SPONGY / CANCELLOUS

Question 9

CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
according to shape

Answer 9

1. LONG
2. SHORT
3. FLAT
4. IRREGULAR
5. SESAMOID
   (develops within a tendon)

Question 10

CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
according to development

Answer 10

ENDOCHONDRAL / CARTILAGINOUS
INTRAMEMBRANOUS

Question 11

• formed via endochondral/ intracartilaginous ossification

CARTILAGE —————> BONE

Answer 11

ENDOCHONDRAL / CARTILAGINOUS

Answer 12

• formed via intramembranous ossification

MEMBRANE —————> BONE

Question 13

CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
according to location

Answer 13

Axial - 80 bones
Appendicular - 126 bones

Question 14

AXIAL SKELETON

Answer 14

1. SKULL
2. OSSICLES
3. HYOID
4. STERNUM
5. RIBS
6. VERTEBRAE

Question 15

How many bones does cranial have?

Answer 15

8

Question 16

How many bones does facial bones have?

Answer 16

14

Question 17

Skull

Answer 17

Cranial
- Unpaired
a. Fontral
b. Ethmoid
c. Sphenoid
d. Occipital
- Paired
a. Parietal
b. Temporal
1. Squamous
2. Mastoid
3. Tympanic
4. Petrous

Question 18

CRANIAL BONES

Answer 18

CALVARIUM
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Sphenoid
Occipital

PTERION*
- H-shaped union of:
1. Frontal
2. Parietal
3. Sphenoid
4. Temporal

SUTURES
Coronal
Sagittal
Lambdoidal

FONTANELLES
Anterior fontanelle*
Posterior fontanelle

Question 19

Sunken fontnelle

Answer 19

Dehydration

Question 20

Bulging fontanelle

Answer 20

Meningitis

Question 21

Facial Bones

Answer 21

• Unpaired
  a. Vomer
  b. Mandible
• Paired
  a. Nasal
  b. Lacrimal
  c. Zygomatic
  d. Maxillae
  e. Palatine
  f. Inferior
  Nasal Concha

Question 22

Ossicles

Answer 22

-Malleus (Hammer)
- Incus (Anvil)
- Stapes (Stirrup)

Question 23

Hyoid

Answer 23

Attached by muscles

Question 24

Sternum

Answer 24

PARTS:
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid Process

LANDMARKS:
Jugular /Supraternal Notch - T2-T3
Angle of Louis / Manubrio-sternal Joint – T4-T5
Xiphisternal Joint – T9

Question 25

RIBS ACCORDING TO ATTACHMENT

Answer 25

1. True (Vertebro-sternal) - 1st – 7th 2. False (Vertebro-chondral) – 8th- 10th 3. Floating (Vertebral) – 11th-12th

Question 26

RIBS ACCORDING TO MORPHOLOGY

Answer 26

1. Typical - 3rd- 9th 2. Atypical – 1st,2nd, 10th-12th

Question 27

2 costal facets on head 1 costal facet on tubercle rounded upper border, sharp inferior border

Answer 27

Typical Rib

Question 28

Types of Vertebra

Answer 28

CERVICAL Typical – C3-C6 Atypical- C1 (Atlas), C2 (Axis), C7 (Vertebra Prominens) THORACIC Typical – T3-T10 Atypical – T1, T2, T11, T12 LUMBAR SACRAL COCCYGEA

Question 29

- Quadrangular body - Transverse foramen - Bifid spine - Triangular vertebral foramen

Answer 29

TYPICAL CERVICAL VERTEBRA

Question 30

C1 (ATLAS) (-) body (-) spine C2 (AXIS) (+) dens/odontoid process C7 (VERTEBRA PROMINENS) (-) bifid spine

Answer 30

ATYPICAL CERVICAL VERTEBRA

Question 31

- heart-shaped body - costal facets on body and transverse processes - long pointed spine obliquely going down

Answer 31

THORACIC VERTEBRA

Question 32

- Kidney-shaped body - Short wide straight spine - Mamillary process

Answer 32

LUMBAR VERTEBRA