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INTRO to ANAPHY Flashcards

1
Q
  • study of the normal structures of the human body
    and their relationships with one another
A

HUMAN ANATOMY

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2
Q
  • study of the different functions of the normal structures
    of the human body and the involved processes
    of how these body parts work
A

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

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3
Q

DIVISIONS OF HUMAN ANATOMY

A

A. GROSS / MACROSCOPIC ANATOMY
1. Surface Anatomy
2. Systemic Anatomy
3. Regional Anatomy
B. MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
1. Cytology
2. Histology
C. EMBRYOLOGY
D. NEUROANATOMY

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4
Q
  • study of normal structures of the human big enough to be studied by the unaided eye.
    This includes:
    Systemic Anatomy
    Regional Anatomy
    Surface anatomy
A

Gross / Macroscopic anatomy

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5
Q

3 categories of Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy

A

Systemic Anatomy
Regional Anatomy
Surface Anatomy

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6
Q

– study of structures of specific body systems
e.g. nervous and circulatory systems.

A

Systemic Anatomy

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7
Q

– study of structures by body regions.
e.g.
head region, thoracic region

A

Regional Anatomy

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8
Q

– study of the landmarks on the body surface
of the different visceral organs

A

Surface anatomy

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9
Q

study of structures of the human body through use of
microscope.
This includes:
Cyctology
Histology

A

Microscopic Anatomy

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10
Q

2 categories of Microscopic Anatomy

A

Cytology
Histology

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11
Q

chemical and microscopic study of cells

A

Cyctology

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12
Q

study of normal tissues of the body

A

Histology

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13
Q
  • study of development of the human body from
    fertilization of ovum up to the period of extrauterine
    life.
A

Embryology

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14
Q

study of normal microscopic, gross features and
development of the nervous system

A

Neuroanatomy

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15
Q

DIVISIONS OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

A

A. CELL PHYSIOLOGY
B. SPECIAL PHYSIOLOGY
C. SYSTEMIC PHYSIOLOGY
D. PATHOLOGIC PHYSIOLOGY

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16
Q
  • the study of the functions of living cells
  • the cornerstone of human physiology
A

Cell Physiology

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17
Q

is the study of the functions of specific organs
e.g. cardiac physiology-is the study of the heart function

A

Special Physiology

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18
Q

includes all aspects of the functions of specific organ
systems.
e.g. cardiovascular physiology, respiratory physiology
and reproductive physiology.

A

Systemic Physiology

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19
Q

is the study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions.

A

Pathologic physiology

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20
Q

Homeostasis

A

*Maintenance of the body’s internal
environment
*Negative feedback loop

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21
Q

HOMEOSTASIS REGULATION

A
  1. Autoregulation
  2. Extrinsic regulation
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22
Q

-happens when there is environmental change and an automatic system change in the activities of a tissue, cell, or organ.
– cells lack oxygen, chemicals would be
released to dilate blood vessels

A

Autoregulation

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23
Q

-involves the endocrine and nervous systems, which are not inside the organs they regulate.
-during exercise nervous system
commands increase of heart rate so blood will circulate faster

A

Extrinsic regulation

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24
Q

ESSENTIAL LIFE PROCESSES

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Responsiveness
  3. Movement
  4. Reproduction
  5. Differentiation
  6. Growth
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25
– includes all the chemical processes that occur in the body.
Metabolism
26
– the body’s ability to react to changes in environment both internally or externally.
Responsiveness
27
motion occurring inside the human body, either the whole body or individual cells or even the organelles within these cells.
Movement
28
– an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size or number of cells.
Growth
29
– development of cells from an unspecialized to a specialized state.
Differentiation
30
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY
1. Chemical Level 2. Cell Level 3. Tissue Level 4. Organ Level 5. System Level
31
formation of new cells for growth, repair or replacement or the production of a new individual.
Reproduction
32
* Smallest units of life * Perform all activities necessary to maintain life– metabolism, assimilation, digestion, excretion, reproduction
cells
33
NEVER BACK DOWN NEVER WHAT?!
NEVER GIVE UP!!!
34
-group of similar cells or materials surrounding them (Seeley's) -Made up of different types of cells (PPT)
Tissues
35
Different types of tissues
1. Epthelial 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nervous 5. Hemopoietic
36
Function of Epithelial Tissue
covers and protects
37
Function of Connective TIssue
binds and supports other tissues
38
Function of Muscle Tissues
Movement
39
Function of Nervous Tissue
connects sensory structures to motor structures
40
Function of Hemopoietic Tissue
-Blood tissue also under the connective tissue -contains a spectrum of blood cells, adipocytes, endothelial cells, and adventitial cells. (google)
41
* Tissues with same function grouped together * Examples– liver– stomach
Organs
42
A group of organs that perform a common function
Systems
43
BODY SYSTEMS
1. Integumentary System 2. Skeletal System 3. Articular System 4. Muscular System 5. Nervous System 6. Circulatory / Vascular System 7. Digestive / Alimentary System 8. Respiratory System 9. Urinary System 10. Reproductive / Genital System 11. Endocrine System
44
BODY REGIONS
1. Head 2. Neck 3.Trunk -Thorax -Abdomen -Pelvic Cavity -Perinium 4. Upper Exremities 5. Lower Extremities
45
Cavities
-Dorsal -Ventral
46
Dorsal Cavity
-Cranial, Spinal -the entirety of the back; it consists of the brain stem and the entire spinal cord. (Google)
47
Ventral Cavities
-Thoracic, abdominopelvic -at the anterior, or front, of the trunk.
48
- standing (or lying supine) erect- head and eyes directed forward- Upper limbs by the sides with palms facing forward- Lower limbs together with toes facing forwa
The Anatomical Position
49
ANATOMICAL PLANES
1. Median Plane 2. Sagittal Plane 3. Coronal / Frontal Plane 4. Horizontal / Transverse Plane
50
Median Plane
Is a sagittal plane that through the midline of the body, dividing the body into equal halves (right and left) - Seeley's
51
Sagittal Plane
Right and Left proportion
52
Coronal/Frontal Plane
Front and Back proportion
53
Horizontal/Trasverse Plane
Superior and Inferior proportion
54
Sections of the Body
1. Longitudinal/Vertical Section - cut along the length of the organ 2.Transverse/ Cross Section - cuts completely through the organ 3.Oblique Section- a diagonal cut
55
THE ANATOMICAL TERMS OF RELATIONSHIP
1. Superior / Cranial 2. Inferior / Caudal -Lower 3. Anterior / Ventral - Front of the body 4. Posterior / Dorsal - Back of the body 5. Medial - toward the midline 6. Lateral - away from the midline 7. Proximal - closer to a point of attachment 8. Distal - far to a point of attachment 9. Superficial / External - structure close to the surface of the body 10. Deep / Internal - toward the interior of the body 11. Central - 12. Peripheral 13. Parietal 14. Visceral
56
Superior / Cranial
Higher
57
Inferior / Caudal
Lower
58
Anterior / Ventral
Front of the body
59
Posterior / Dorsal
Back of the body
60
Medial
Toward the midline
61
Lateral
Away from the midline
62
Proximal
closer to a point of attachment
63
Distal
Far to a point of attachment
64
Superficial / External
structure close to the surface of the body
65
10. Deep / Internal
toward the interior of the body
66
TERMS OF MOVEMENT
1. Flexion 11. Supination 2. Extension 3. Abduction 4. Adduction 5. Rotation 6. Circumduction 7. Eversion 8. Inversion 9. Dorsiflexion 10. Plantarflexion 12.Pronation 13.Protraction 14.Retraction 15. Elevation 16. Depression
67
Flexion
Folding of a joint
68
Extension
Straightening of a joint
69
Abduction
movement away from the point of reference
70
adduction
movement toward the point of reference
71
Rotation
movements made about the longitudinal axis and in the transverse plane (google)
72
Circumduction
the movement of the limb, hand, or fingers in a circular pattern, using the sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction motions (google)
73
Eversion
the movement of the sole away from the median plane – so that the sole faces in a lateral direction. (google)
74
inversion
the movement of the sole towards the median plane – so that the sole faces in a medial direction(google)
75
Dorsiflexion
refers to flexion at the ankle, so that the foot points more superiorly. (google)
76
Plantarflexion
refers to flexion at the ankle, so that the foot points more superiorly. (google)
77
Supination
the motion of turning the palm anteriorly (google)
78
Pronation
the motion of turning the palm posteriorly (google)
79
Protraction
the act of moving an anatomical part forward. (google)
80
Rectraction
the act of moving an anatomical part backward (google)
81
Elevation
the act of moving an anatomical part upward (google)
82
Depression
the act of moving an anatomial part downward (google)
83
-has a protective function -regulates temperature -helps produc vitamin D - Example: hair, nail, cutaneous glands (sebateous glands, sweat glands)
Integumentary System
84
- serve to protecion and support - allow body movements - Production of blood cells - stores minerals and adipose tissue
Skeletal System
85
- prodices body movements -maintain postures - produces body heat
Muscular System
86
- Major regulatory system that detectss sensations and cotrols movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions.
Nervous System
87
- Major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many pther functions.
Endocrine System
88
-exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood PH.
Respiratory System
89
- performs mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste.
Digestive System
90
- removes waste products from the blood and regulatess blood PH, ion balance, and water balance.
Urinary System
91
- produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the new born; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors.
Female reproductive system
92
- produces and transfer sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behavior.
Male reproductive system
93
- Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature.
Cardiovascular System
94
-deals with joints of the body and the surrounding tissues
Articular System .
95
- removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from digestive tract
Lymphatic system

ANAPHY (10 decks)

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