Skeletal Flashcards
1
Q
Bones making up the limbs, pelvis, and shoulder areas
A
Appendicular skeleton
2
Q
The site of close approximation of two or more bones
A
Articulation
3
Q
Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the surface of the epiphysis
A
Articular cartilage
4
Q
The skeleton that forms the central supporting axis of the body
A
Axial skeleton
5
Q
Small bones of the wrist
A
Carpal bones
6
Q
Rounded knob; usually fits into a fossa on another bone to form a joint
A
Condyle
7
Q
A moderately raised ridge
A
Crest
8
Q
The central shaft-like portion of a long bone
A
Diaphysis
9
Q
Thin epithelial membrane lining the inside of the medullary cavity
A
Endosteum
10
Q
A bump superior to a condyle
A
Epicondyle
11
Q
Layer of cartilage separating the epiphysis from the diaphysis at each end of a long bone It is the site where bone growth occurs
A
Epiphyseal plate
12
Q
The head of each end of a long bone
A
Epiphysis
13
Q
Portion of the pelvis that extends between the edges of the iliac bones
A
False pelvis
14
Q
Un-fused area of an infant’s skull
A
Fontanel
15
Q
A furrow or depression
A
Fossa
16
Q
A round opening in a bone, usually a passageway for vessels and nerves
A
Foramen
17
Q
The prominent, expanded end of a bone
A
Head
18
Q
A central canal in compact bone containing blood vessels and nerves; surrounded by lamellae
A
Haversian canal
19
Q
Process in the fetus whereby fibrous connective tissue
evolves into bone
A
Intramembranous ossification
20
Q
An exaggerated thoracic curvature
A
Kyphosis
21
Q
Tiny gaps between rings of lamellae in compact bone
A
Lacunae
22
Q
Concentric rings of matrix surrounding Haversian canal in compact bone
A
Lamellae
23
Q
A tube-like opening
A
Meatus
24
Q
The central hollow portion of a long bone that contains bone marrow
A
Medullary cavity
25
Bone tissue
Osseous tissue
26
The creation of new bone
Ossification
27
Bone-forming cell
Osteoblast
28
Bone cells that dissolve old or unhealthy bone
Osteoclasts
29
Mature osteoblast
Osteocyte
30
Basic structural unit of compact bone consisting of a Haversian canal and surrounding lamellae
Osteon
31
Dense fibrous membrane covering the diaphysis
Periosteum
32
A projection or raised area
Process
33
Reshaping or reconstructing part of a bone
Remodeling
34
The destruction of old bone; part of the bone remodeling process
Resorption
35
A lateral curvature of the spine
Scoliosis
36
Cavity in the skull filled with air
Sinus
37
Also called cancellous bone. It is found in the ends of long bones and the middle of most other bones
Spongy bone
38
Groove or elongated depression
Sulcus
39
Immovable joints of the skull
Sutures
40
Latticework of osseous tissue that makes up the structure of spongy or cancellous bone
Trabecula
41
A large process. It is found only on the femur
Trochanter
42
Portion of the pelvis that extends between the pelvic brim
True pelvis
43
A small, rounded process
Tubercle
44
A rough, raised bump, usually for muscle attachment
Tuberosity
45
are large molecules consisting of polysaccharides attached to core proteins, similar to the way needles of a pine tree are attached to the tree’s branches.
Proteoglycans
46
Most of the mineral in bone is in the form of calcium phosphate crystals
hydroxyapatite
47
contains substances that are essential for the make-up of our bones since the cartilages, tendons, ligaments, and even our bones, are connective tissues.
Extracellular Matrix
48
large molecules consisting of polysaccharides attached
to core proteins, similar to the way needles of a pine tree are attached to the tree’s branches.
Proteoglycans
49
Four categories of bone, based on their shape,
1. Long Bone
1.1 Diaphysis - Shaft or body
1.2 Epiphysis - head of each end of a long bone
1.3 Medullary Activity - marrow cavity
2. Short Bone
3. Flat Bone
4. Irregular Bone
50
- are longer than they are wide and have knobby ends where the articulations form.
- are hollow in the middle and more solid on the ends.
Long bone
51
It is covered by dense connective tissues on the outside called _____________ and a thinner inner lining
called endosteum. Long bones have several parts.
Perioteum
52
are equal in length and width, making them nearly cube-shaped. Examples include most bones of the ankles and the wrists.
Short bones
53
are thin and provide both protection and surfaces for muscle attachments. The bones of the skull, sternum, and ribs are all at bones.
Flat Bones
54
have complex shapes, such as those of the face and vertebral column.
Irregular bones
55
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
1. Support
2. Protection
3. Movement
4. Blood cell production
5. Storage
56
It supports and stabilizes surrounding tissues such as muscles, blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, fat, and skin.
Support
57
It protects vital organs of the body such as the brain, spinal cord, the heart, and lungs, and it protects other soft tissues of the body.
Protection
58
It assists in body movement by providing attachments for muscles that pull on the bones that act as levers.
Movement
59
It manufactures blood cells. Red bone marrow, a connective tissue within bone, produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in a process
called "hemopoiesis".
Blood cell production
60
It is a storage area for mineral salts, especially phosphorus and calcium, and fats. Moreover, Yellow bone marrow within bone is composed mostly of adipose cells, which store triglycerides (fats). In a newborn, all bone marrow is red, but it eventually
changes into yellow marrow with increasing age.
Storage
61
function in the formation of bone,
as well as in the repair and remodeling of bone.
Osteoblast
62
When osteoblasts become surrounded by matrix,
they are referred to as
Osteocytes
63
are also present and contribute to bone repair
and remodeling by removing existing bone.
Osteoclasts
64
Bone is formed in thin sheets of extracellular matrix called
Lamallae
65
lamellae, with osteocytes located between the lamellae within spaces called
Lucanae
66
Cell processes extend from the osteocytes
across the extracellular matrix of the lamellae within tiny canals called
Canaliculi
67
Two types of bone tissue
1. compact or dense bone
2. cancellous or spongy bone.
68
is strong and dense, provides protection and support, and resists the stresses produced by weight and movement.
Compact bone / dense bone
69
- is lightweight
- also known as cancellous bone, contains irregular lattices of thin bone columns called "trabeculae".
Spongy bone / cancellous
70
Bones form initially in the embryo by two processes.
1. intramembranous ossification, bone forms directly from mesenchyme.
2. endochondral ossification, bone forms within and replaces cartilage.
71
bone is constantly made and destroyed in an ongoing process called
Bone Remodeling
72
Bone Repair
1. Hematoma formation
2. Callus formation
3. Callus ossification
4. Bone remodeling
73
T: Body, shaft
D: Main portion
74
T: Head
D: Enlarged end
75
T: Neck
D: Contricted are between head and body
76
T: Condyle
D: Smooth, rounded articular surface
77
T: Facet
D: Small, flattened articular surface
78
T: Crest
D: Prominent
79
T: Process
D: Prominent projection
80
T: Tubercle, or tuberosity
D: Knob or enlargement
81
T: Trochanter
D: Large tuberosity found only on proximal femur
82
T: Epicondyle
D: Enlargement near or above a condyle
83
T: Foramen
D: Hole
84
T: Canal, meatus
D: Tunnel
85
T: Fissure
D: Cleft
86
T: Sinus
D: Cavity
87
T: Fossa
D: Depression
88
forms the forehead, roofs of the eye sockets, and front part of the cranial floor. The mucous membrane–lined spaces (frontal sinuses) deep within it resonates
sound.
frontal bone
89
(2) form the sides and roof of the cranium
Parietal
90
(2) form the lower side of the cranium and part of the cranial floor. The temporal bones have several features:
temporal bones
91
carotid artery passes through a foramen called the
Carotid foramen
92
serves as a point of attachment for the tongue and neck muscles.
Styloid process
93
It contains ______, which drain into the nasal cavity.
sphenoidal sinuses
94
The pituitary gland sits in a depression of the sphenoid bone called the
sella turcica.
95
The optic nerve passes through its optic foramen, and the mandibular nerve passes through its
Foramen Ovale
96
- forms the anterior part of the cranial floor, the medial part of the eye sockets, and superior portions of the nasal cavity.
ethmoid bone
97
cavity. It has 3 to 18 ______________ (air
spaces) and mucus-lined ___________ that warm and moisten inhaled air and trap foreign
particles.
ethmoidal sinuses and conchae
98
a ridge on the superior portion of the ethmoid bone, serves as an attachment point for the meninges.
crista galli
99
This is surrounded by the___________ through
which the nerves associated with the receptors for smell pass from the nose into the brain.
cribriform plate
100
Facial Bones
- Nasal bones
- Maxillae (2)
- Palatine bones (2)
- Mandible
- Zygomatic bones (2)
- Lacrimal bones (2)
- Inferior nasal conchae (2)
- Vomer
101
form the bridge of the nose.
Nasal Bones
102
form the upper jawbone and join with all the other facial bones except the mandible
Maxillae
103
form the posterior portion of the hard palate, part of the lower eye sockets, and part of the floor and the sides of the nasal cavity.
Palatine Bones
104
are holes that allow passage of the mental nerve.
Mental Foramina
105
or cheekbones, form the cheek prominences and part of the wall of the eye sockets. They form joints with the frontal, maxilla, sphenoid, and temporal bones.
Zygomatic bones
106
are the smallest, thinnest bones on the medial eye socket. They house the tear ducts, which tunnel through to the nasal cavity. This is why your nose
runs when you cry.
Lacrimal bones
107
project into the nasal cavity to filter air before it passes
toward the trachea and lungs.
Inferior nasal conchea
108
joins with the maxillae and the palatine bones to form the floor of the nasal cavity. Along with cartilage and the ethmoid bone, the single vomer forms the nasal
septum, which divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides.
vomer
109
Features of the Skull
4 major sutures in the skull:
1. Coronal suture
2. Saggital suture
3. Lamboid suture
4. Squamous sutures
110
are found in the sphenoid, frontal, ethmoid, and maxillary bones. They produce mucus, lighten the weight of the skull, and serve as echo chambers, which
produce the unique sounds of your voice.
Paranasal sinuses
111
are mesenchyme-filled spaces between the cranial bones of infants at birth.
Fontanels
112
is located in the neck, between the mandible and larynx. It is suspended from the styloid process of each temporal bone by ligaments and muscle. It
supports the tongue, stabilizes the airways, and provides attachment points for tongue, neck, and pharyngeal muscles.
Hyoid bone
113
The vertebral column consists of 26 bones called vertebrae.
Vertebral Column
114
thick, disc-shaped anterior portion that bears weight. (vertebral)
body
115
arch extends posteriorly from the body. It consists of two short, thick processes called pedicles that project backward and join with two at parts called laminae.
Vertebral arch
116
Seven processes arise from the vertebral arch:
* Spinous process (1) projects from the laminae; it serves as attachment point for muscles.
* Transverse processes (2) are lateral extensions that serve as attachment points
for muscles.
* Superior articular processes (2) attach to vertebra above.
* Inferior articular processes (2) attach to vertebra below.
* Cervical vertebrae (7) are in the neck region. Each cervical vertebra has three
openings (foramina): a larger, central opening (vertebral foramen) for the spinal
cord, and two transverse foramina, passages for blood vessels and nerves.
* Thoracic vertebrae (12) are posterior to the chest cavity and serve as
attachments for the ribs.
* Lumbar vertebrae (5) form the lower back.
117
consists of 5 fused vertebrae and forms the posterior wall of the pelvis. Blood vessels and nerves pass through the openings.
Sacrum
118
sometimes referred to as the tailbone, consists of 4 fused vertebrae.
coccyx
119
A lateral curvature that causes the spine to “lean” to one side more than the other. This condition is seen more commonly in females than in males.
Scoliosis
120
An exaggeration of the thoracic curve that forms a “humpback” appearance.
Kyphosis
121
An exaggeration of the lumbar curve that causes a “sway back.”
Lordosis
122
articulates with the collarbone, or clavicle, and the first rib.
manubrium
123
made of cartilage that ossifies by age 40. No ribs attach to this pointed structure, which rescuers use to locate the proper hand position for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
The xiphoid process
124
Ribs
- rib pairs 1 through 7 are called true ribs
- rib pairs 8 through 12 are called false ribs
- rib pairs 11 and 12 are referred to as floating ribs
125
in the upper body is the shoulder _______________________, which attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton.
girdles or pectoral girdles
126
___________or collarbone, attaches to the manubrium of the sternum and the __________,
Clavicle and scapula
127
_____________ of the scapula serves as a point of attachment for muscles and its ____________ forms the shoulder joint with the head of the humerus
coracoid process and glenoid cavity
128
the longest bone in the upper body.
Humerus
129
the two bones of the forearm
the ulna and radius
130
medial to the radius.
Ulna
131
is rounded and articulates with the humerus, to allow approximately 180° of forearm rotation.
Radius
132
Distal to the ulna and radius are the bones of the wrist, the _______________, which are arranged in two rows of 4 bones each.
carpals (8 bones)
133
The distal row attaches to the bones of the
palm of the hand, whose distal heads form the knuckles.
metacarpals
134
the metacarpals attach to the bones of the fingers.
Phalanges (2 phalanges in the thumb and 3 in
each finger.)
135
which consists of the two hip bones.
Pelvic girdle
136
The hip bones, also called the coxal bones or os coxa, attach to the sacrum of the vertebral column posteriorly and with each other anteriorly to form
Pubic symphysis
137
the “socket” for the hip joint that articulates with the femur from the leg.
Acetabulum
138
forms the boundary between the upper pelvis (false pelvis) and the lower pelvis (true pelvis).
Pelvic brim
139
Blood vessels and nerves to the legs pass through openings in the lower pelvis called the
obturator foramina.
140
Attached to each coxal bone is a _____________ the longest single bone in the body.
Femur
141
The femur bends ans attaches distally to the ___________ and the tibia
Patella (kneecap)
142
is the large medial bone of the shin and beras most of the weight.
Tibia
143
The patellar ligament, which holds the patella in place, attaches to the tibia at the?
Tibial Tuberosity
144
The lateral bone of the shin is valled the?
Fibula
145
The ankle bones, or?, consist of 7 bones
Tarsals
146
Tarsals
Talus (ankle joint) , Calcenous(heel) (posterior)
147
are the phalanges (toes), which have a structure similar to the phalanges in the hand. The calcaneus forms the posterior portion of the foot. The foot has two raised bends, or arches, in it. The longitudinal arch spreads from anterior to posterior, while the transverse arch goes from side to
side. The arches are flexible and springy. They absorb shocks, distribute body weight over the foot, and provide leverage while walking.
Metataesals
