Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Level 2 - Fitness Instructor > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are bones?

A

They are calcified tissue connected by a series of joins.

There are 206 in an adult skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are cartilages?

A

Dense, fibrous tissue that is able to withstand compression forces.
Absorbs impact shock and reduces friction at joints.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name the 3 main types of cartilage

A

Hyaline, elastic and fibro

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name the bone in the head

A

Cranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name the bones from the neck to the hips

A

Clavicle
Scapula
Sternum
Ribs
Spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name the bones from the shoulder to the hands

A

Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name the bones from the hips to the toes

A

Illium
Pubis
Ischium
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 6 functions of the bones?

A

Support
Protection
Attachment
Movement
Production
Storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Explain the support function of the bone

A

The skeletal bones give the body its basic shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain the protection function of the bone

A

Axial skeleton - brain protected by cranium, ribs protect heart and lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Explain the attachment function of the bone

A

Ligaments, tendons and muscles attach to bones to create stability and movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain the movement function of the bone

A

Muscles pull on the long bones to create movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Explain the production function of the bone

A

Some bones produce red (carry oxygen) and white (fight infection) blood cells from their marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Explain the storage function of the bone

A

For example, calcium and phosphorus, which support growth and development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

Provides protection of organs - spine, ribs, sternum and skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

Allows movement - limbs and anchoring bones that are appendages to the axial skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 5 main types of bones? Give examples of these bones.

A

Long - femur
Short - carpals
Flat - scapula
Irregular - vertebra
Sesamoid - patella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What part of the bone is the diaphysis?

A

middle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What part of the bone is the epiphysis?

A

ends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Name all 8 sections of the bone

A

Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Articular cartilage
Epiphyseal plate
Cancellous (spongy) bone
Medullary cavity
Periosteum
Compact bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What type of tissue is the epiphysis made of?

A

Cancellous (spongy) bone covered by thin layer of compact bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the role of the articular cartilage?

A

Covers end of bones where joint is formed, allows bones to glide smoothly, can be injured (knee) wear and tear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of the epiphyseal plate?

A

Growth plate where growth of long bones takes place, thin layer of cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of the periosteum?

A

Allows molecules such as blood to flow out of the bone after production

A membranous tissue that covers the surface of bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Name 3 minerals that bones are made of
Calcium, phosphorus, sodium and other materials
26
What does a bone consist of?
Blood vessels, nerves, collagen, living cells
27
What are osteoblasts?
Build new bone
28
What are osteoclasts?
Clear existing bone
29
What are some factors that affect bone growth?
Diet, nutrition, hormones, sunlight, physical activity type and levels, smoking and alcohol, genetics
30
What is a joint?
Where two or more bones meet or join
31
What is the function of a joint?
Allow movement of body parts in specific directions
32
What are the 3 types of joints?
Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial
33
What is a fibrous joint?
Immovable joints, for example - cranium, scrum, coccyx
34
What is a cartilaginous joint?
Semi-movable joints, for example - vertebrae
35
What is a synovial joint?
Freely movable joints - knee, hip
36
Name the different types of synovial joints and give examples
Ball & socket - hip, shoulder Hinge - knee, elbow Pivot - atlas-axis in neck, radio-ulnar in forearm Saddle - base of the thumb Condyloid - between metacarpals and phalanges Gliding - between scapula and clavicle
37
What are the characteristics of synovial joints?
- Bone ends are covered with hyaline cartilage - Stabilised by ligaments - Enclosed within a fibrous capsule - Capsule contains a synovial membrane that secretes lubricating fluid
38
Name the different types of movement (there are 16)
Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Medial rotation Lateral rotation Supination Pronation Dorsiflexion Plantarflexion Horizontal extension Horizontal flexion Elevation Depression Lateral flexion Circumduction
39
What types of movement occur at thehip joint (ball & socket joint)?
Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Medial rotation Lateral rotation Circumduction
40
What types of movement occur at the elbow joint (hinge joint)?
Flexion Extension
41
What type of movement occurs at the knee joint?
Flexion & extension
42
What types of movement occurs at the radio-ulnar joint?
(pivot joint) Supination & pronation
43
What types of movement occurs at the spine?
(slightly moveable/cartiligenous joint) Flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation
44
What type of movement occurs at the ankle joint?
(hinge joint) plantar flexion & dorsiflexion
45
What type of movement occurs at the sub-talar joint (gliding joint)?
Inversion and eversion
46
What type of movement occurs at the shoulder joint?
(ball & socket) Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, horizontal flexion, horizontal extension, circumduction, protraction, retraction, elevation and depression
47
Describe the flexion movement
Bending a body part
48
Describe the extension movement
Straightening a body part
49
Describe the abduction movement
Moving a body part away from the axis
50
Describe the adduction movement
Moving a body part towards the axis
51
Describe the rotation movement
Circular movement around a bone
52
Describe the circumduction movement
Cone-shaped movement
53
Describe the lateral flexion movement
Bending to the side
54
Describe the lateral extension movement
Returning straight from a side bend position
55
Describe the horizontal flexion movement
Moving a body part horizontally towards the axis
56
Describe the horizontal extension movement
Moving a body part horizontally away from the axis
57
Describe the elevation movement
Upwards movement of a body part
58
Describe the depression movement
Downwards movement of a body part
59
Describe the protraction movement
Forwards movement of a body part
60
Describe the retraction movement
Backwards movement of a body part
61
Describe the plantar flexion movement
Pointing toes downwards
62
Describe the dorsi flexion movement
Pointing the toes upwards
63
Describe the pronation movement
Rotation of the palm of the hand to face downwards
64
Describe the supination movement
Rotation of the palm of the hand to face upwards
65
Describe the inversion movement
Moving the sole of the foot to face inwards
66
Describe the eversion movement
Moving the sole of the foot to face outwards
67
Explain the movement of the vertebral column
- The atlas and axis vertabrae (top 2) allow rotation to signal 'no'. - The cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions all allow; flexion, extension, lateral flexion and extension, rotation
68
Describe the function of the vertebral column
- Allows movement - Protects spinal cord - Cartilaginous discs in between the vertebrae act as shock absorbers during impact
69
Identify the 5 areas of the vertebrae from top downwards
- 7 cervical vertebrae - 12 thoracic vertebrae - 5 lumbar vertebrae - 5 sacral vertebrae - 4 coccygeal vertebrae
70
What are the natural curves of the spine?
- 2 concave/hollow - 2 convex/rounded
71
Name the key features of a hyperlordosis posture
- Anterior tilt of pelvis - Lengthened rectus abdominis - Gluteus maximus usually weaker and inactive - Hamstrings tight - Hip flexor shortened - Increased lumbar curve - Short erector spinae
72
Name the key features of a hyperkyphosis posture
- Head pokes forward - Short and over-active upper trapezius - Short and tight pectorials - Lengthened and inactive lower trapezius, middle trapezius and rhomboids - Posterior deltoid lengthened - increased lumbar curve - Short erector spinae
73
What is an ectomorph body type?
- Typical 'skinny guy' - Light build with small joint sand lean muscle - Long, thin limbs with stringy muscles - Thin shoulders with little width
74
What is a mesomorph body type?
- Large bone structure - Large muscles & naturally athletic physique - Best type for bodybuilding - easy to gain and lose weight - Naturally strong
75
What is an endomorph body type?
- Solid and soft - Gains fat easily - Shorter build with thick arms and legs - Muscles are strong, especially upper legs. Naturally strong in exercises like the squat
76
What are the immediate effects of exercise on the skeletal system?
- Increased secretion of synovial fluid in joints - Reduced wear and tear due to this - Increase in blood flow and nutrients to bones and joints - Muscles pull on bones to increase ROM
77
What are the long-term effects of exercise on the skeletal system?
- Increased bone density and bone strength - Increased joint stability due to stronger ligaments and tendons - Improved posture - Improved cartilage health - Increased ROM, leading to improved flexibility - Reduced risk of osteoporosis - Reduced risk of fractures
78
Describe the lifecycle of the skeletal system in it's later life
- Calcium is progressively lost and bone strength deteriorates - Breakdown of bone happens earlier in women as a result of hormonal differences - The risk of osteoporosis increases, along with fractures - Weight-bearing exercise and a good diet are important in reducing these risks

Level 2 - Fitness Instructor (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions