skeletal system

Question 1

what do long bones do and examples?

Answer 1

produce red blood cells, acts as levers to enable body to move- ulna, radius,humerus,phlanges

Question 2

what do short bones do and examples?

Answer 2

shock absorb weight of body when running and jumping, important for weight bearing exercises- carpals, tarsals.

Question 3

what do flat bones do and examples?

Answer 3

protect vital organs, provide good surface for muscles to attach and produce red blood cells-sternum, cranium, ribs, pelvis.

Question 4

what do irregular bones do and examples?

Answer 4

protect vital organs and have a lot of attachment points for muscle- cervical vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum.

Question 5

what do sesamoid bones do and examples?

Answer 5

Held together with a tendon, reduce friction- patella

Question 6

structure of vertebrae?

Answer 6

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

Question 7

functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 7

attachment of skeletal muscle-bones provide anchors for muscles to attach, tendons attach muscles to bone, muscles pull on bones to create movement

protection- skeleton protects vital organs, cranium protects brain, pelvis protects reproductive organs, ribs protect heart and lungs

leverage-long bones provide a lever system which muscles can pull to create movement, the longer the levers the greater the force

source of blood cell production-bone marrow stored in bones produces red and white blood cells, red blood cells carry oxygen for energy, white blood cells fight infection.

support framework- bones give body shape and help support body so we can stand up straight and attach muscles

weight bearing- bones support weight of the body, the pelvis and tarsals supports the weight of the body

storage of phosphorus- bones store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus which is essential for bone growth and maintenance of bone health.

reduce friction across a joint- synovial joint secretes synovial fluid that reduces friction between the joints.

Question 8

fixed joint (fibrous) and examples

Answer 8

allow no movement- cranium, sacrum, coccygeal

Question 9

slightly moveable (cartilaginous) and examples

Answer 9

these joints are slightly moveable- between the individual vertebrae

Question 10

moveable (synovial) and examples

Answer 10

freely moveable joints- the shape of the bones determines the range of movements- elbow (hinge), Shoulder(ball and socket), thumb (saddle)

Question 11

what is synovial fluid?

Answer 11

lubricates and reduces friction of the joint

Question 12

what is the synovial membrane?

Answer 12

contains and releases synovial fluid

Question 13

what is the articular cartilage?

Answer 13

prevents bones from rubbing and acts as a shock absorber

Question 14

what’s the joint capsule?

Answer 14

surrounds the synovial joint it protects and stabilises the joint

Question 15

what is the ligament?

Answer 15

joins bone to bone, they help stabilise the joint

Question 16

what is the bursa?

Answer 16

fluid filled sac that provides a cushion between the tendons and bones reducing friction

Question 17

what is rotation?

Answer 17

a rotational movement around a joint or axis eg neck joint

Question 18

what is circumduction?

Answer 18

combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction eg shoulder joint

Question 19

what is lateral flexion?

Answer 19

movement of bending sideways

Question 20

responses=synovial fluid production

Answer 20

the synovial fluid produced reduces the friction between joints increasing the range of movement at the joint- when fluid released it becomes less viscous

Question 21

responses=increase uptake of minerals

Answer 21

exercise stimulates the uptake of calcium, this makes the bones stronger with less chance of injury

Question 22

responses=increased pliability of ligaments

Answer 22

ligaments become more pliable which would increase the range of movements at the joint

Question 23

adaptions=increase in bone density and strength

Answer 23

regular weight bearing exercise results in bones becoming bigger and stronger, this means that you are less likely to get injured-fraction

Question 24

adaptions=increased ligament strength

Answer 24

regular exercise strengthens ligaments, this stabilises the joint so less likely to get injured-dislocation

Question 25

adaptions=increased thickness of articular cartilage

Answer 25

regular exercise will thicken the articular cartilage this will protect the joint from wear and tear.

Question 26

arthritis?

Answer 26

a condition where there is a inflammation within a synovial joint causing pain and stiffness in the joint- regular exercise will prevent this as during physical activity your joints will produce more synovial fluid to reduce friction between the bones and provide important minerals to the cartilage.

Question 27

osteoporosis?

Answer 27

the weakening of bones caused by a loss in calcium or lack of vitamin D, as get older bones slowly lose mineral density and naturally become brittle and more likely break under stress- exercise can prevent this by promoting increased uptake of minerals within bones resulting in an increase in bone mineral density -weight-bearing and resistance training good at preventing this as overloading the skeleton will increase bone density

Question 28

age?

Answer 28

resistance training in children can cause more harm than good as childs bones are still growing and putting to much force on them can damage the epiphyseal plates which are found at each end of long bones this can result in stunted bone growth