muscular system

Question 1

skeletal muscle?

Answer 1

type of muscle that is attached to the bones, and allows voluntary movement

Question 2

smooth muscles?

Answer 2

unconsciously controlled, controlled by nervous system, control body functions such as the movement of food and blood.

Question 3

when we bend the elbow(flexion) the biceps contract and the triceps relax

Answer 3

agonist=bicep antagonist=tricep

Question 4

when we straighten the elbow(extension) the triceps contract and the biceps relax

Answer 4

agonist=tricep antagonist=bicep

Question 5

when we bend the knee(flexion) the hamstrings contract and the quadriceps relax

Answer 5

agonist=hamstrings antagonist=quadriceps

Question 6

when we straighten the knee(extension) the quadriceps contract and the hamstrings relax

Answer 6

agonist=quadriceps antagonist=hamstrings

Question 7

when we point our toes(plantar-flexion) the gastrocnemius contracts and the tibias anterior relaxes

Answer 7

agonist=gastrocnemius antagonist=tibialis anterior

Question 8

when we point our toes upwards (dorsi-flexion) the tibias anterior contracts and the gastrocnemius relaxes

Answer 8

agonist=tibias anterior antagonist=gastrocnemius

Question 9

when we extend our leg at the hip(move backwards) the gluteus maximus contracts and the hip flexors relaxes

Answer 9

agonist=gluteus maximus antagonist=hip flexors

Question 10

when we flex our leg at the hip(move forwards) the hip flexors contracts and the gluteus Maximus relaxes

Answer 10

agonist=hip flexors antagonist=gluteus maximus

Question 11

when we extend our hand at the wrist(move backwards) the wrist extensors contract and the wrist flexors relax

Answer 11

agonist=wrist extenders antagonist=wrist flexors

Question 12

when we flex our hand at the wrist(move forwards) the wrist flexors contract and the wrist extenders relax

Answer 12

agonist=wrist flexors antagonist=wrist extenders

Question 13

synergists?

Answer 13

muscles that work together to enable the agonist to operate more effectively- they work with agonists to control and direct movement by modifying or altering the direction the pull on the agonist to the most advantageous position ex- the latissimus dorsi acts as a synergist to the pectorals

Question 14

Fixators?

Answer 14

muscles stop any unwanted movement throughout the whole body by fixing or stabilising the joint or joints involved- fixator muscles stabilise the origin so that the agonist can achieve maximum and effective contraction.

Question 15

what’s a concentric contraction and examples

Answer 15

muscle contracts and shortens known as positive phase of muscle contraction eg-bicep on upwards phase of a bicep curl- tricep on upward phase of press up

Question 16

what’s a eccentric contraction and examples

Answer 16

muscle contracts and lengthens, occurs when muscle is controlling a movement due to load or gravity, known as negative phase of muscle contraction eg- bicep on downward phase of a bicep curl, tricep on downward phase of a press up

Question 17

what’s a isometric contraction and examples

Answer 17

muscle contracts but there is little or no movement, muscle doesn’t shorten or lengthen eg- abdominals when holding a plank position, deltoids when performing a handstand

Question 18

holding press-up position?

Answer 18

triceps are contracting isometrically

Question 19

downward phase of the press-up?

Answer 19

triceps are contracting eccentrically

Question 20

upward phase of the press-up?

Answer 20

triceps are contracting concentrically

Question 21

holding squat position?

Answer 21

quadriceps are contracting isometrically

Question 22

downward phase of the squat ?

Answer 22

quadriceps are contracting eccentrically

Question 23

upward phase of the squat?

Answer 23

quadriceps are contracting concentrically

Question 24

type I muscle fibre

Answer 24

slow twitch-high resistance to fatigue eg marathon- uses oxygen

Question 25

type IIx muscle fibre

Answer 25

fast twitch, contract with high force so good for high intensity for a short period of time eg 100m- doesn't use oxygen=anaerobic

Question 26

type IIa muscle fibres

Answer 26

fast twitch- fibres contract fast and have a medium force eg-400m the event is both aerobic and anaerobic

Question 27

the all or none law?

Answer 27

impulses are sent to the motor neurone, the motor neuron is attached to a number of muscle fibres in the muscle this is called a motor unit- the muscle fibres within the will be of the same type- when the motor neurone receives a signal to contract, all the fibres attached to the motor motor neurone will contract- the force the muscle produces will depend on the amount of motor units stimulated to contract

Question 28

responses-increased blood supply to the muscles

Answer 28

blood vessels expand to allow more red blood cells to enter your muscles-vasodilation , blood flow increases significantly to ensure working muscles are supplied with enough oxygen they need, as well as removing waste products such as co2

Question 29

responses-increase in muscle temperature

Answer 29

the amount of heat your muscles produce is in direct relation to the amount of work they perform- this principle is used in a warmup which prepares your muscles for exercise by slowly increasing temperature

Question 30

responses-increase in muscle pliability

Answer 30

the warming of your muscles during activity makes them more pliable and flexible- pliable muscles are less likely to suffer from injury such as muscle strains- an increase in pliability will improve joint flexibility as warm and pliable muscles are able to stretch further.

Question 31

response-lactate accumulation

Answer 31

lactate acid is a waste product produced during anaerobic exercise- the build up of acid in the muscle tissue will result in rapid fatigue and will impact muscular contractions if not removed quick enough

Question 32

adaptions-hypertrophy

Answer 32

the overload of muscles will increase muscle size and strength, the muscle fibres increase in size over time so they can contract with greater force

Question 33

adaptions-increased tendon strength

Answer 33

tendons adapt to the overloading of regular exercise, the connective tissue structure and joints will increase in flexibility and strength with regular exercise

Question 34

adaptions-increased mitochondria

Answer 34

responsible for aerobic energy production- increase in muscle size means increase in mitochondria production which increases aerobic exercise capacity.

Question 35

adaptions-increased myoglobin

Answer 35

increases the amount stored in muscles- a increase in muscle size will mean increase in myaglobin stores so more energy will be available at higher intensity for longer duration.

Question 36

age affecting muscular system?

Answer 36

as get older muscle mass decreases which begins about 50- muscles become smaller resulting in a decrease in muscle strength and power.

Question 37

what's a cramp?

Answer 37

sudden involuntary contraction of your muscle , the sensation of muscle spasm where you have no control of the tightening of the muscle fibres can be promoted by exercise- can last from few seconds to 10mins- can be caused by dehydration which is a inadequate supply of blood to the muscles reducing supply of oxygen and essential minerals- how to prevent-stretch to lengthen the muscle fibres and improve muscle flexibility and drink water