respiratory system Flashcards
(22 cards)
structure of respiratory system?
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, epiglottis, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm, thoracic cavity, internal intercostal muscles, external intercostal muscles
what’s pulmonary ventilation?
process by which air is transported into and out of the lungs- requires the thorax to increase in size to allow air to be taken in, followed by a decrease to allow air to be forced out.
what’s inspiration?
the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract- when diaphragm contracts it flattens and the external intercostal muscles raise the ribs upwards and outwards- this increases the area of the thoracic cavity- the increase in air reduces the pressure inside the lungs compared to the outside- this causes air to enter the lungs
what is expiration?
the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax the internal intercostal muscles contract- when the diaphragm relaxes and the internal intercostal muscles contracts they lower the ribs downwards and inwards- this decreases the area of the thoracic cavity- the decrease in area increases the pressure inside the lungs compared to the outside- this causes air to leave the lungs
process of gaseous exchange of o2 at the alveoli?
levels of oxygen in the alveoli is high-levels of oxygen in in the blood is low- oxygen diffuses quicker then oxygen moves from the alveoli into the blood.
tidal volume?
amount of air inspired or expired in a normal breath when person is at rest- average 0.5litres
vital capacity?
the volume of air that can be forced out the lungs after maximal inspiration- vital capacity can be as much as 4.8 litres
inspiratory reserve volume?
amount of additional air that can be breathed in after normal inspiration
expiratory reserve volume?
amount of additional air that can be breathed out after normal expiration
residual volume?
amount of air left in lungs even after forced breathing out- this volume of air cannot be breathed out- prevents lungs from collapsing-average volume 1.2 litres
total lung capacity?
vital capacity+ residual volume- average volume 0.6litres
minute volume?
the passing of air through the lungs in one minute
control of breathing?
when we exercise we need more oxygen for energy production than we do at rest- when we exercise breathing rate needs to increase- when we stop exercising breathing rate needs to slow- the medulla oblongata is responsible for involuntary function such as breathing
neural control of breathing?
the contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles are responsible for inspiration and expiration- the contractions of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles are controlled by neurons- the neurons that control breathing come from the medulla oblongata which is located in brain- when we exercise the medulla oblongata will send impulses to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to contract which speeds up breathing
chemical control of breathing?
there’s other factors that control breathing- chemoreceptors are found in the heart- these chemoreceptors pick up changes in chemical fluctuations (carbon dioxide) - when we exercise carbon dioxide levels increase, these chemical changes are picked up by the chemoreceptors in the heart, they will send signals to the medulla oblongata which will speed up the heart through neural control.
responses-increased breathing rate
demand for oxygen increases, carbon dioxide levels increase, breathing rate increases to fuel demand for oxygen the more intense exercise the more intense breathing rate
responses- increased tidal volume
increased due to extra demand for oxygen, allows more air to pass though the lungs (pulmonary ventilation) this allows oxygen to be delivered to working muscles, tidal volume increases for both aerobic and anaerobic exercise.
adaptions-increased vital capacity
training will increase vital capacity=volume of air that can be forced out the lungs after maximal inspiration- a increase in vital capacity will mean there will be a more efficient supply of oxygen to working muscles.
adaptions- increased strength of respiratory muscles
training will increase the strength of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles- stronger diaphragm and intercostal muscles will increase chest cavity allowing more oxygen to be taken into the lungs.
adaptions-increased oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion rate
due to increase capillaries there is an increase in efficiency of the diffusion of gases- more oxygen can be delivered to the working muscles so more carbon dioxide can be removed and exhaled
asthma?
airways of respiratory system become restricted- asthma reduces performance as it restricts oxygen getting to working muscles.
partial pressure/altitude
because there’s less oxygen available you have to work harder and this can cause shortness of breath, dizziness- due to lack of oxygen altitude can lead to hypoxia which causes a increase in breathing rate and depth- performance levels at altitude will reduce but over a period of time your respiratory system will adapt to the conditions- increasing in red blood cells and capillaries which allows more oxygen to be carried and diffused to the working muscles
