skeletal system test Flashcards
1
Q
what is the function of the skeletal system
A
supports the body, protects organs, place for muscles to attach, stores Ca, makes blood
2
Q
what organs does the skeletal system protect
A
ribs, sternum, skull, heart
3
Q
hematopoiesis
A
making blood
4
Q
what is the process of making blood
A
hematopoiesis
5
Q
what is the variety bones come in
A
long, short, flat, irregular
6
Q
what are examples of long bone and what is their function
A
arms, legs/ support
7
Q
what is an example of short bone and what is the function
A
toes, fingers/ mobility
8
Q
what is an example of a flat bone and what is the function
A
skull/ protection
9
Q
what is an example of an irregular bone
A
kneecap
10
Q
what age do male bones stop growing
A
21
11
Q
what age do female bones stop growing
A
18
12
Q
how many bones are in the human body
A
206
13
Q
where is the greatest number of bones in the body
A
hands and feet
14
Q
are bones dead or alive and what makes then up
A
alive/ tissue
15
Q
why are bones alive
A
so they are able to grow and heal
16
Q
Periosteium structure and function
A
a saran wrap covering over the whole bone; contains blood vessels
17
Q
Cartilage structure and function
A
shiny bendable tissue at the end of the bone (articular) few blood vessels; slow healing (protection)
18
Q
Compact bone structure and function
A
solid (no holes) the middle of the bone; good source of Ca
19
Q
Spongy bone structure
A
has holes, the ends of the bone; low in Ca
20
Q
Red marrow location and function
A
makes blood, center of the bone
21
Q
yellow marrow location and function
A
end of the bone, makes fat
22
Q
ossification
A
process of cartilage turning into bone
23
Q
soft spot
A
in an infants cranium, the fontanels have not yet fused. very sensitive, gone by age 2.
24
Q
fontannels
A
soft flat pieces of cartilage that make up a babies skull. don’t ossify until 2 so that birth is easier and the brain can grow.
one of them
25
osteoclasts
eat cartilage and primitive bone cells appear (osteoblasts)
| starts at the primary ossification center and works its way out towards the epiphysis
26
osteoblasts
primitive bone cells that mature into osteocytes
27
diaphysis
primary ossification center, one of them, where ossification starts
28
epiphysis
ends of the bone, secondary ossification center, two of them
29
epiphyseal disks
last place for cartilage to turn into bone(growth plate)
30
what are Haversian canals
concentric circles of blood vessels and cells ( spiral)
| microscopic view of bone
31
what makes up the axial skeleton
cranium, vertebrae, thorax
32
cranium common name
skull
33
vertebrae common name
back bone
34
thorax common name
chest
35
how many bones are in the axial skeleton
80
36
skull structure and function
protects the brain, sinuses, cartilage in an infants skull to make birth easier, allows brain to grow
37
sinuses
depressions in the skull, lightens weight of head
| sinusitis
38
sinusitis
cavities around the nasal passages becomes inflamed
39
what allows the brain to grow in infants
the fontanels
40
what are the bones in the skull
frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital
41
foramen magnum
hole in the base of the skull that allows the spinal cord to pass through
42
temporal
sides of cranium ( 2 of them)
43
parietal
the roof of the cranium
| 2 of them
44
occipital
back of the cranium
45
frontal
front of the cranium ( forehead)
46
how many ear bones do we have
3
47
what is the smallest bone in the body
ear bone
48
can ear bones be fixed
yes
49
facial bones
hyoid, mandible, maxillary
50
hyiod
anchored by muscles, aids tongue in movement and swallowing, horseshoe shaped
51
mandible
lower jaw, only bone that moves for eating and talking
52
maxillary
upper jaw, doesnt move
53
sternum
breast bone that protects the heart, ribs are attached to it, looks like a mans tie
54
xiphoid process
cartilaginous but ossifies during adult life. located at the end of the sternum, not attached to any ribs
55
what is the bone that paramedics feel for
xiphoid process
56
what is the function of ribs and def
protect the lungs, 12 pairs
57
true ribs
1-8/ directly hooked to sternum and back
58
false ribs
9-12/ attach through cartilage to the back and sternum
59
floating ribs
11-12/ only attach to the back, not connected to sternum, can stab your lungs if broken
60
spare ribs
muscles
61
what does the vertebrae consist of
atlas, axis, cerviacal, thoracic, lumbar
62
atlas
yes
63
axis
no
64
cervical
7- whiplash, top
65
thoracic
12- upper and middle back
66
lumbar
5- end
67
intervertebral disks
cartilage, largest structures in the body without a vascular supply, acts as cushion between the vertebral body
68
herniated
a slipped disk- bleeding or out of line
69
kyphosis
hunchback, exaggeration of the thoracic vertebrae
70
lordosis
swayback, exaggeration of the lumbar vertebrae
71
scoliosis
one shoulder is higher, curvature of the vertebrae
72
what is the problem with whiplash
xray cant show it
73
pelvis
hips/ pelvic girdle
74
how are females hips different
wider and stronger for birth
75
sacrum
fusion of 5 bones; wider in women, inner part
76
spina bifida
sacrum doesnt fully fuse
77
what happens if an infection gets into the sacrum
affects nerves and they might be paralyzed
78
coccyx
tailbone, means horse tail, a ton of nerves
79
how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton
126
80
clavicle
collar bone
81
scapula
shoulder bone,contains bursa( sacks of liquid) bursitis
82
bursa
bag filled with jelly like fluid (cussion)
83
bursitis
swollen bursa
84
femur
thighbone ; longest bone (big supply of marrow)
85
longest bone in the body
femur
86
patella
kneecap (sesmoid bone)< looks like sesame seed
| Arthroscopic surgery
87
Arthroscopic surgery
2 hole/ camera/ fast healing/ non invasive
88
Tibia
shin bone (front); shin splints- yanked or pulled tendons or ligaments on tibia
89
shin splints
yanked or pulled tendons or ligaments on the tibia
90
Fibula
calf bone (back)
91
Tarsals
7- ankle
92
metatarsals
5 arch "flat feet"
93
purpose of an arch
helps distribute weight
94
phalanges
(14) toes; bunions< growth on big toe
95
bunion
growth on big toe
96
how many bones does you big toe have
2
97
how many bones does every toe except the big toe have
3
98
Humorous
upper arm bone- ends have many nerves
99
radius
lower arm bone (up from thumb)
100
ulna
lower arm bone (up from pinky)
101
of carpals
(8)
102
of metacarpals
(5) palm
103
phalanges
(14) fingers
104
articulations
place where 2 bones cone together
105
fibrous
(immovable) sutures
106
cartilaginous
intervertebral disks
107
synovial
freely moving with synovial fluid
108
relationship with synovial fluid with age
synovial fluid decreases as age goes up
109
hinge
move in one place (knee, elbow)
| back and forth up and down
110
ball and socket
rotate (hips and shoulders)
111
gliding
wrists and ankles
112
pivot
crossing over (radius & ulna)
113
ligament
an elastic band that connects bone to a bone, slow healing and no big blood supply
114
tendon
an elastic band that connects a bone to a muscle, slow healing, no big blood supply, tendonitis
115
fracture
a broken bone (simple/ compound)
116
simple break
clean break
117
compound break
through skin/ pieces
118
reduction
open vs closed
surgery vs her hands
to set a bone
119
dislocation
a bone is forced out of its normal position (luxation- outta place)
120
hematoma
a bruise
121
sprain
ligaments or tendons are stretched or pulled
122
osteoporosis
brittle bones, women after menopause, can affect breathing and digestion. spongy middle kyphosis
123
what causes osteoporosis
estrogen goes down
124
what can help osteoporosis
fosamax
125
arthritis
inflammation at the joints. mobility decreases. sweeling, stiffness, pain, fluid
126
who get arthritis
every mammal except bats< gravity
127
osteoarthritis
chronic degeneration of the articular cartilage, eventually bone spurs, inhibit movement. i can feel it in my bones that its going to rain
128
bone spurs
bone rubbing bone and ends become pointy
129
Rheumatoid arthritis
onset between 30-40.auto immune, more women, inflammation of the synovial membranes- swelling- articular cartilage deteriorates- scar tissue- crippling, high pain
130
autoimmune
body doesnt know whats somatic cells or germ cells
| -Lupus, MS
131
Rickets
decrease in Ca and Vitamin D: bowed condition. ribs stick out. more in England bc no sun
132
where is vitamin D found
in us. Ca triggers vitamin D
133
Gout
uric acid crystals accumulate at big toe
too much protein, urine becomes sandy
red painful, hot
diet related and can come back "rich mans disease"
134
what happens in your middle age
sex steroids decrease< estrogen (menopause) with decrease in bone mass
135
what causes loss of bone mass
demineralization (loss of Ca/minerals from bone matrix)
136
when does loss of bone mass begin in females
30
137
when does bone loss accelerate in females
45 as estrogen decreases
138
how much Ca is lost by age 70 in women
30%
139
when is bone mass lost in women
every ten years
140
when does Ca start to decrease in males
60
141
how much Ca is lost in males every 10 years
3%
142
what happens when men start to loss Ca
osteoporosis
143
brittleness
results from decreased rate of protein synthesis (loss of collagen fibers)
144
what is the most common chest injury
fractured ribs
145
how can fractured rib bones occur
direct blows or from impact
146
where do ribs break
at point of greatest force or at curvature (weakest point)
147
what could happen if your ribs break
could puncture heart, vessels of lungs, trachea, esophagus, bronchi
148
what is the most common fractured bone with children
broken clavicle
149
where is the most recent spot to fracture your clavicle
mid-region
150
luxation
mis bone alignment
151
what do muscles involve
movement
152
how do muscles work
in agnostic pairs
153
agnostic pairs
one muscle stretches while the other one contracts
154
what are the four parts of an arm muscle
extensor/ flexor (triceps/ biceps)
155
when a muscle is short, what is it doing
working
156
when a muscle is longer, what is it doing
relaxing
157
origin
place where muscle begins (on an immovable bone)
158
Insertion
place where muscle ends (on a movable bone)
159
skeletal muscle
striated (bands); moves the bones of the skeleton; voluntary; 40%; a lot of blood flow
- parkinson disease
- tongue
160
how much of muscle is skeletal muscle
40%
161
Cardiac muscle
branching bands; in the heart; involuntary
| intercalated disks> regulate beat
162
whats different between a women having a heart attach and men
women think it is indigestion and its scarier but men know because they feel it in their left arm
163
smooth muscle
wavy; in all organs that cannot be control; involuntary (intestines, uterus, stomach)
advil> muscle relaxer
164
isometric exercise
muscles stretch out against an immovable object
165
isotonic excercise
muscles push against something that gives < moves
166
cross training
combination of isotonic and isometric
167
charley horse
knot in muscles caused from a lack of O2 or dehydration
| get rid of it by massaging or using ice
168
cramps
muscles contracting too fast; get rid of by using a muscle relaxer aka advil
169
strain
a pulled muscle
170
steroids
build up muscle mass; long period with side effects< bloating, heal faster+ repair
- cortisone
- prednisone
171
anaerobic exercise
(lack of O2) muscle fatigue occurs; glucose changes to lactic acid + travels to liver as glycogen < store glucose
"second wind" gulp of O2
172
Aerobic excercise
fast heart respiratory, NS rate # of mitochondria goes up
| - swimming and jogging
