skeleton + muscles

Question 1

what are the functions of the skeleton

Answer 1

support, shape, protection, movement, manufacture of blood components

Question 2

what does the axial skeleton consist of

Answer 2

skull, spine, rubs and sternum

Question 3

how many bones are in the skull

Answer 3

22

Question 4

how many vertebrae are in the spine

Answer 4

33

Question 5

list the 5 regions of the spine and the number of bones in each

Answer 5

cerivcal 7, thoracic 12, lumbar 5, sacrum 5, coccyx 4

Question 6

what are all ribs attached to

Answer 6

vertebrae of the spine

Question 7

explain the structure of a long bone

Answer 7

enclosed in a membrane called the periosteum which containes blood vessels and nerves. the long shaft of the bone is the diaphysis. the head of the bone is called the epiphysis

Question 8

what is ossification

Answer 8

the replacement of cartilage into bone e.g in the human embryo

Question 9

what biomolecule is a vertebral disc made from

Answer 9

protein

Question 10

does cartilage have blood vessels/nerves

Answer 10

no

Question 11

give another place cartilage is found other than the vertebral discs

Answer 11

pinna of the ear, nose, trachea

Question 12

where is cartilage located on bones

Answer 12

covers the end of bones, acting as a shock absorber

Question 13

write a short note about compact bones

Answer 13

made of bone cells called osteoblasts embedded in a matrix of 70% inorganic salts e.g calcium and phosphate and 30% collagen. the bone is supplied with blood vessels and nerves.

Question 14

where is compact bone found

Answer 14

found in diaphysis and as a layer around the ends of the bone

Question 15

write a note on spongey bone

Answer 15

contains numerous hollows and is composed of a network of thin boney bars separated by different sized shapes. the spaces are filled with red bone marrow which produce red blood cells.

Question 16

where is spongey bone found

Answer 16

epiphysis

Question 17

what is bone marrow

Answer 17

soft fatty substance found in medullary cavity and within spongey bone

Question 18

what does the medullary cavity of adults have

Answer 18

yellow inactive marrow

Question 19

what can yellow bone marrow do

Answer 19

it can convert into red bone marrow should the body need increased blood cell formation

Question 20

where is active marrow found in adults

Answer 20

epiphysis (spongey bone)

Question 21

what stage in the pregnancy is embryonic cartilage replaced

Answer 21

8th week

Question 22

what prodcues collagen

Answer 22

osteoblasts

Question 23

write a note on bone growth

Answer 23

bones grow via the growth plate which is made of cartilage. it is found between the diaphysis and the epiphysis. in this plate cartilage is continuously turned to bone (ossification). this slows down as the person reaches adulthood

Question 24

write a note on bone development

Answer 24

bones are constantly being dissolved and replaced. bone digesting cells called osteoclastsdigest the bone lining in the medullary cavity and deposit calcium from bones into blood vessels. the bone would become thin and weak if this kept happening without repair, so osteoblasts form new bone to replacethe destroyed bone. the osteoblasts and osteoclasts work in conjunction to enlgarge the medullary cavity and thicken the compact bone lining it

Question 25

what’s the purpose of bone development

Answer 25

prevents the bones from becoming too heavy as they become larger

Question 26

what is continuous bone renewal dependant on

Answer 26

physical activity, hormones and diet

Question 27

how does physical activity affect bone strength

Answer 27

bones put under physical stress become thicker and stronger as osteoblasts are stimulated.

Question 28

what’s parathormone

Answer 28

removes calcium from bone as a constant level of calcium in the blood is essential for muscles and nerves to work correctly

Question 29

give a bone disorder/disease, a cause and a treatment

Answer 29

osteoporosis (loss of protein on the bone-become brittle). causes- lack of exercise, treatment, HRT, exercise

Question 30

name the three types of joints

Answer 30

immovable (e.g skull), slightly movable (e.g joints between upper vertebrae),and freely movable joints (synovial joints)

Question 31

give the two types of synovial joints

Answer 31

ball and socket + hinge joint

Question 32

draw a typical synovial joint

Answer 32

diagram of the knee with ligaments, tendons, synovial membrane,synovial fluid, cartilage and muscle labelled

Question 33

what does cartilage do in a synovial joint

Answer 33

covers the ends of bones to reduce fricyion

Question 34

what does a ligament do in a synovial joint

Answer 34

connects bone to bone

Question 35

what does a tendon do in a synovial joint

Answer 35

connects muscle to bone

Question 36

what does synovial membrane do in a synovial joint

Answer 36

encloses joint and secretes synovial fluid

Question 37

what does synovial fluid do in a synovial joint

Answer 37

lubricates the joint and reduces friction

Question 38

name the three types of muscle

Answer 38

skeletal, smooth and cardiac

Question 39

what are skeletal muscles

Answer 39

these muscles are under voluntary control and are concerned with body movement. they tire easily

Question 40

what are smooth muscles

Answer 40

involuntary muscles, fiund in internal structures and is slow to tire e.g digestive system

Question 41

what is cardiac muscle

Answer 41

found in heart, is involuntary and contracts strongly + doesnt tire easily

Question 42

what is an antagonistic pair

Answer 42

a pair of muscles htat have opposite effects e.g bicep and tricep. bicep contact tricep relax, tricep contract, bicep relax