skin

Question 1

skin system name

Answer 1

integumentary system. largest organ in body

Question 2

cutaneous membrane

Answer 2

epidermis and dermis

Question 3

epidermis

Answer 3

superficial epithelium

Question 4

dermis

Answer 4

connective tissue

Question 5

secondary structures

Answer 5

hair, nails, and variety of glands

Question 6

hypodermis / subcutaneous

Answer 6

loose connective tissue below dermis

Question 7

functions of the integument

Answer 7

protection, temp maintenance, synthesis and storage of nutrients, sensory reception, excretion (salt, water, and organic waste) and secretion (milk)

Question 8

thick skin

Answer 8

(epidermis only) - palms and soles of feet, 5 layers (paper towel)

Question 9

thin skin

Answer 9

(epidermis) - rest of body, 4 layers (lunch bag)

Question 10

keratin

Answer 10

durable and water resistant / coats surface is skin / found in hair, calluses, nails / (in other animals, makes hooves, nails, horns)

Question 11

layers of epidermis

Answer 11

stratum corneum 
stratum lucidum
stratum grandulosum
stratum spinosum 
stratum germinativum/basale
basement membrane

Question 12

stratum corneum

Answer 12

most superficial, 15-30 layers of flattened dead cells (deprived of O2 and nutrients), full of nutrients, 2-4 weeks to get here

Question 13

stratum lucidum

Answer 13

clear, flattened and densely packed, full of keratin, living

Question 14

stratum granulosum

Answer 14

these cells have stopped dividing and have started to produce keratin

Question 15

stratum spinosum

Answer 15

these cells may continue cell division to add thickness to the epithelium

Question 16

stratum basale

Answer 16

attached to basement membrane , contains stem cells that constantly divide , has ridge to increase surface area (no blood vessels in epidermis)

Question 17

ridges in sb-

Answer 17

make fingerprints - unique to individual, genetically determined, only on palms and soles of feet

Question 18

medicine through skin?

Answer 18

once drug gets through sc it’s easily absorbed

Question 19

layers of dermis

Answer 19

papillary and reticular

hair follicles and sweat glands here too

Question 20

papillary layer

Answer 20

loose CT, nerves and blood supply

Question 21

reticular layer

Answer 21

dense and irregular CT with elastin and collagen fibers

Question 22

hypodermis/subcutaneous layer

Answer 22

lots “O” fat , reduces heat loss, no vital organs

Question 23

hair

Answer 23

found on almost all external surfaces, dead

not sure if have to know: lose 50 a day, head has 500,000 hairs, grow .3 mm a day, each hair lasts 2-5 years

Question 24

hair follicles

Answer 24

where hair is produced

Question 25

curly vs straight

Answer 25

straight - even growth, round crossection | curly - uneven growth, flat cross section

Question 26

humidity and hair

Answer 26

when humid it absorbs water in air and becomes frizzy dryness causes it to lose water and become brittle and break

Question 27

hair color

Answer 27

produced by melanocytes, hormonal and environmental factors take a role, lightens naturally with age, gray is no pigment with air bubbles

Question 28

hair papilla

Answer 28

provides nerves and blood supply

Question 29

hair root

Answer 29

anchors hair to skim

Question 30

hair shaft

Answer 30

part we see

Question 31

cuticle

Answer 31

outer layer of hair made of overlapping cells

Question 32

cortex

Answer 32

under cuticle

Question 33

medulla

Answer 33

core of hair

Question 34

arrector pili

Answer 34

muscle that makes hair stand on end and goose bumps

Question 35

sebaceous glands

Answer 35

oil glands (holocrine), discharges oil or sebum onto hair which inhibits growth of bacteria and is natural conditioner

Question 36

zits

Answer 36

sebaceous gland gets plugged and sebum builds up, bacteria grows and inflammatory response, whitehead is enclosed under layer of skin blackhead makes it to surface and breaks

Question 37

sweat glands

Answer 37

apocrine - groin, pits, and head : odor / merocrine - palms, feet, and everywhere else : 99% water the rest is salt

Question 38

skin repair

Answer 38

1) bleeding 2) inflammatory response 3) scab 4) stratum basale migrates to base of wound 5) new cells grow, collagen is produced, scab is lifted

Question 39

aging and skin

Answer 39

lot of shit that mostly self explanatory

Question 40

skin color

Answer 40

blood supply and number or type of pigment cells

Question 41

carotene

Answer 41

yellow orange, carrots, gets converted to vit A used to maintain epithelial tissue

Question 42

melanocytes

Answer 42

contain pigment, found in stratum germinativum

Question 43

sun tan

Answer 43

sun increases melanocyte activity to protect deep layers and DNA from uv

Question 44

overexposure to sun

Answer 44

destroys connective tissue, premature wrinkles, sun burn, skin cancer

Question 45

sun poisoning

Answer 45

reaction of skin to uv rays, also called photodermatitis, swelling, burning, rash, peeling

Question 46

xeroderma pigmentosum

Answer 46

genetic disorder - extreme sensitivity to uv rays - can't go outside in daylight without special protection, skin and eyes can be severely damaged leading to cancer

Question 47

freckles

Answer 47

small pigmented spots of extra melanin on pale face

Question 48

birth marks

Answer 48

formed before brith, unknown origin

Question 49

albinism

Answer 49

melanocytes exist but they don't produce melanin

Question 50

basal cell carcinoma

Answer 50

stratum germinativum- non life threatening

Question 51

squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 51

stratum corneum - non life threatening

Question 52

melanoma

Answer 52

melanocytes - extremely dangerous, often appear as moles

Question 53

circulation and color

Answer 53

oxygenated blood - bright red deoxygenated blood - maroon embarrassed - blood vessels dialate scared - vessels constrict

Question 54

cyanosis

Answer 54

low O2 - dark red color - appears blue