Skull

Question 1

sutures

Answer 1

-several separate bones united at immobile joints

Question 2

sutural ligament

Answer 2

-the connective tissue between bones in a suture

Question 3

mandible

Answer 3

connected to the skull via the mobile temporomandibular joint

Question 4

how are the bones of the skull divided?

Answer 4

into those of the cranium and those of the face

Question 5

upper and lower part of the cranium

Answer 5

upper: the vault
lower: the base of the skull

Question 6

composition of the bones of the skull

Answer 6

• made up of external and internal tables of compact bone separated by a layer of spongy bone(diploe)
• bones are covered on the outer and inner surfaces by periosteum

Question 7

Diploe

Answer 7

a layer of spongy bone that separates the internal and external tables in the skull

Question 8

internal table

Answer 8

-thinner and more brittle than the external table

Question 9

Pterion

Answer 9

• junction of greater wing of sphenoid, squamous temporal, frontal, and parietal bones
• overlies course of anterior division of middle meningeal artery
• weak and exposed, so when youre hit there you can tear artery and die

Question 10

Lambda

Answer 10

-point on calvaria at junction of lambdoid and sagittal sutures

Question 11

Bregma

Answer 11

-point on calvaria at junction of coronal and sagittal sutures

Question 12

vertex

Answer 12

• top most point of the skull
• superior point of neurocranium
• in middle with cranium oriented in anatomical plane

Question 13

asterion

Answer 13

-star shaped
-located at junction of three sutures
parietomastoid
occipitomastoid
lambdoid

Question 14

glabella

Answer 14

• smooth prominence (most marked in males)
• on frontal bones, superior to root of nose
• most anterior projecting part of the forehead

Question 15

inion

Answer 15

-most prominent point of external occipital protuberance

Question 16

nasion

Answer 16

-point on cranium where frontonasal and internasal sutures meet

Question 17

parietal foramen

Answer 17

veins run through it to get to the sinus

Question 18

Anterior cranial fossa

Answer 18

• foramen cecum
• cribriform foramina in cribiform plate
• anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina

Question 19

Foramen cecum

Answer 19

nasal emissary vein

Question 20

cribriform foramina in cribriform plate

Answer 20

axons of olfactory cells in olfactory epithelium that form olfactory nerves

Question 21

anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina

Answer 21

vessels and nerves with the same names

Question 22

Middle cranial fossa

Answer 22

• optic canals
• superior orbital fissure
• foramen rotundum
• foramen ovale
• foramen spinosum
• foramen lacerum
• groove/hiatus of greater petrosal nerve

Question 23

optic canal

Answer 23

optic nerve(CN 2) and ophthalmic arteries

Question 24

superior orbital fissure

Answer 24

ophthalmic veins, ophthalmic nerve , CN 3,4,6, sympathetic fibers

Question 25

foramen rotundum

Answer 25

maxillary nerve

Question 26

Foramen ovale

Answer 26

maxillary nerve and accessory meningeal artery

Question 27

Foramen spinosum

Answer 27

middle meningeal artery and vein and meningeal branch of trigeminal nerve

Question 28

Foramen lacerum

Answer 28

-deep petrosal nerve and some meningeal arterial branches and small veins

Question 29

Groove/hiatus of greater petrosal nerve

Answer 29

-greater petrosal nerve and petrosal branch of middle meningeal artery

Question 30

Posterior cranial fossa

Answer 30

- foramen magnum - jugular foramen - hypoglossal canal - condylar canal - mastoid foramen

Question 31

foramen magnum

Answer 31

- medulla and meninges - vertebral arteries - CN 11 - dural veins - anterior and posterior spinal arteries

Question 32

Jugular foramen

Answer 32

- CN 4,5,6 - superior bulb of internal jugular vein - inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses - meningeal branches of ascending pharyngeal and occipital arteries

Question 33

Hypoglossal canal

Answer 33

-hypoglossal nerve (CN 12)

Question 34

condylar canal

Answer 34

-emissary vein that passes from sigmoid sinus to vertebral veins in neck

Question 35

mastoid foramen

Answer 35

-mastoid emissary vein from sigmoid sinus and meningeal branch of occipital artery

Question 36

the type of fracture depends on what?

Answer 36

1. age of the patient 2. severity of the blow 3. area of the skull receiving the trauma

Question 37

severe, localized blow

Answer 37

-local indentation, often accompanied by splintering of the bone

Question 38

blows to the vault

Answer 38

- result in a series of linear fractures | - radiate out through the thin areas of the bone

Question 39

petrous parts of the temporal bones and occipital crests

Answer 39

- strongly reinforce the base of the skull | - tend to deflect linear fractures

Question 40

pond fracture

Answer 40

- common for children | - localized blow produces this, a depression without splintering

Question 41

fractures of the anterior cranial fossa

Answer 41

- cribriform plate my be damaged - results in tearing of the overlying meninges - bleeding and leakage of CSF from the nose - when orbital plate is fractured, result is hemorrhage into the orbital cavity and exophthalmos - frontal sinus may be involved if hemorrhage into the nose

Question 42

Fractures of the middle cranial fossa

Answer 42

- common because this is the weakest part of the skull - leakage of blood and CSF from external auditory meatus - may involve CN 7 and 8 - if cavernous sinus is torn, CN 3,4,6 may be damaged

Question 43

Why is the middle cranial fossa so weak?

Answer 43

- numerous foramina and canals in this region | - cavities of middle ear and sphenoidal sinus

Question 44

Fractures of the posterior cranial fossa

Answer 44

- blood may escape into the nape of the neck into the postvertrbral muscles - days later, it can appear in posterior triangle, near mastoid process - mucous membrane of nasopharynx can be torn and blood can escape

Question 45

If jugular foramen is damaged, what CN are damaged?

Answer 45

CN 9,10,11

Question 46

Why is hypoglossal nerve usually spared when there is a fracture of the posterior cranial fossa?

Answer 46

-hypoglossal canal walls are strong

Question 47

why is there little displacement of bone fragments in facial fractures?

Answer 47

-the muscles of the face are thin and weak

Question 48

fractured mandible exception

Answer 48

-the strong muscles of mastication can cause considerable misplacement of the fractured bone

Question 49

most common facial fractures involve...

Answer 49

1. nasal bones 2. zygomatic bone 3. mandible

Question 50

maxillofacial fractures

Answer 50

- occur from massive trauma - swelling of the face, bone moves, malocclusion of teeth, leakage of CSF due to cribriform plate fracture - orbital wall damage=diplopia - damage to infraorbital nerve=numb cheek and gum - epistaxis

Question 51

Le fort labeling

Answer 51

- sites of maxillofacial fractures - Type 1: across maxilba, under nose - Type 2: up, across nose, and down - Type 3: across orbital region