SLEEP

Question 1

what are the four basic levels of the brains awareness of the external world?

Answer 1

wakefulness
slow wave sleep broken into 4 phases
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
coma

Question 2

what stages and waves define light sleep?

Answer 2

stage 1- theta waves

stage 2- spindle waves

Question 3

what stages define deep sleep or coma?

Answer 3

stage 3
stage 4- delta waves
REM- dream

Question 4

what defines the slow wave sleep?

Answer 4

light sleep

deep sleep or coma

Question 5

this is the stage of sleep where we have a feeling of drowsiness, EEG exhibits low amplitude and low frequency waves (theta waves)

Answer 5

stage I

Question 6

describe the waves of the brain in an alert status?

Answer 6

very low amplitude
high frequency spikes

cortical neurons fire individually and not in a coordinated manner

Question 7

this is the stage of sleep that continues with low frequency, low amplitude EEG waves but with intermittent sleep spindles (high in amplitude) and higher frequency alpha waves

Answer 7

stage II

Question 8

these stages of sleep exhibit slow waves of increasing amplitude (less than 5 per second, these are delta waves)

Answer 8

stage III and stage IV

Question 9

which period of sleep are hormones like growth hormones released to help build up body mass?

Answer 9

periods of deep sleep stages III and IV

Question 10

REM sleep is also known as?

Answer 10

paradoxical sleep that can happen 4-5 times a night

Question 11

period of sleep that is most difficult to awaken a person, this is also when we see changes in the body, like increased autonomic outflow like increased heart rate, respiratory rate, erection and ejaculation

Answer 11

REM sleep

Question 12

this is the period of sleep when bruxism is present?

Answer 12

REM sleep

*grind, gnash or clench your teeth

Question 13

this triggers the onset of sleep?

Answer 13

Dorsal Raphe which drives the cortex into slow wave sleep

Question 14

serotonin levels are high or low when dream?

Answer 14

low

Question 15

since dorsal raphe activity is low during the REM episode, what begins in increase firing?

Answer 15

locus coeruleus

Question 16

the locus coeruleus is a source of what?

Answer 16

noradrenergic transmission in the brain

Question 17

LSD inhibits the neurons of _____?

Answer 17

dorsal raphe nucleus causing the activity to drop to zero so this decreases serotonin levels and increases epinephrine levels causing hallucinations in the awake state

Question 18

the key structure in arousal is the _____?

Answer 18

reticular formation of the reticular activating system (RAS)

Question 19

these experiments helped to determine other structures involved in arousal?

Answer 19

midbrain
non-specific thalamic nuclei
reticular activating system
brain stem reticular formation

Question 20

what are the most potent inputs?

Answer 20

pain and propioception

Question 21

T/F, awakening is a faster process than falling asleep?

Answer 21

T

Question 22

what is the effect in the damage to the RAS?

Answer 22

coma and intracranial swelling

Question 23

what is the affect of damage to the substantia nigra?

Answer 23

semi comatose state as a result in decrease motor activity due to affect of lack of dopamine produced

Question 24

this structure of the brain is also important in alertness and arousal with input to the pineal gland, emotion and sleep pattern?

Answer 24

hypothalamus

Question 25

name this level of alertness: awake and unfocused?

Answer 25

daydreaming

Question 26

name this level of alertness: overattentive to all input?

Answer 26

distracted

Question 27

name this level of alertness: the ability to focus so much on one input that we ignore others?

Answer 27

concentration

Question 28

name this level of alertness: the ability to focus on particular sensory inputs or thoughts is controlled in large part by this formation?

Answer 28

pontine reticular formation

Question 29

in falling back to sleep, we know the dorsal raphe begins to fire, what is activated?

Answer 29

neurons in the medulla in the region of the area postrema which inhibits the RAS, NST and cortex

Question 30

name this sleep disorder: seen in 1-6% of the population and occurs during stage III and IV sleep, most common in children and males and disappears as they get older treated with?

Answer 30

sonambulism or sleep walking benzodiazepines

Question 31

name this sleep disorder: more severe than nightmares and occur within 15-30 minutes of falling asleep, occur in stage IV sleep? if this happens in REM what is it called?

Answer 31

night terrors nightmares

Question 32

name this sleep disorder: the cessation of normal breathing during sleep is common in babies from 1-3 months of age and implicated in sudden infant death syndrome? This occurs in REM sleep

Answer 32

sleep apnea

Question 33

name this sleep disorder: this is sudden onset and attack of irresistible sleep, brief duration. Accompanied with cataplexy, sleep paralysis and hallucinations and triggered by monotonous situations and can be triggered by tension or just laughing?

Answer 33

narcolepsy