TRANSDUCTION

Question 1

name this definition for sensory receptors

mechanical, thermal, chemical, visual, auditory

Answer 1

modality specific

Question 2

name this definition for sensory receptors

determined by its strength (must be an adequate stimulus)

Answer 2

intensity

Question 3

name this definition for sensory receptors

the difference in magnitude necessary to discriminate a reference stimuli from a second stimulus increased above the intensity of the reference stimulus. Localizes where the stimulus is coming from

Answer 3

detectibility

Question 4

name this definition for sensory receptors

diminishes with time

Answer 4

duration of a sensation

Question 5

name this definition for sensory receptors

conversion and amplification of sensory stimulus energy into an electrical signal

Answer 5

transduction

Question 6

free nerve endings, merkels disks, Ruffini’s end bulbs, krauses endbulbs (warmth and cold)

Answer 6

slow adapting

Question 7

meissner’s and pacinian corpuscles, hair follicle which respond best to changing stimuli

Answer 7

rapid adapting

Question 8

what are the functional types of receptors?

Answer 8

mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, electromagnetic, chemoreceptors, nociceptors

Question 9

what are the non encapsulated anatomical type receptors?

Answer 9

free nerve endings
merkels discs
hair follicle receptors

Question 10

what are the encapsulated anatomical type receptors?

Answer 10

meissner’s corpuscles
pacinian corpuscles
ruffini’s corpuscles

Question 11

this type of anatomical type receptor detects warmth nd cold (all skin)

Answer 11

krauses end bulbs

Question 12

this neuromuscular receptor responds to muscle stretch

Answer 12

muscle spindle

Question 13

this neuromuscular receptor responds to tendon stretch?

Answer 13

Golgi tendon organ

Question 14

this neuromuscular receptor responds to stretch of skin

Answer 14

ruffini corpuscle

Question 15

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage.

in general terms, we can distinguish two dimensions or components of pain, sensory discriminative and affective emotional

Answer 15

pain

Question 16

this is the process by which information about a noxious stimulus is conveyed to the brain?

Answer 16

nociception

Question 17

what are the different types of pain?

Answer 17

nociceptive
neuropathic
inflammatory

Question 18

name this type of pain?

represents the normal response to noxious insult or injury of tissues such as skin, muscles, visceral organs, joints and tendons

Answer 18

nociceptive

Question 19

name this type of pain?

the pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion or disease in the somatosensory nervous system

Answer 19

neuropathic

Question 20

a result of the activation and sensitization of the nociceptive pain pathway by a variety of mediators released at a site of tissue inflammation

Answer 20

inflammatory

Question 21

how is pain intensity categorized?

Answer 21

mild, moderate severe

Question 22

what is pain duration?

Answer 22

time course

Question 23

what is pain less than 3 to 6 months in duration

Answer 23

acute pain

Question 24

what is pain lasting for more than 3-6 months or persisting beyond the course of an acute disease or after tissue healing is complete

Answer 24

chronic pain

Question 25

acute pain flare superimposed on the underlying chronic pain

Answer 25

acute on chronic pain

Question 26

what are the afferent fibers for pain? what do they release?

Answer 26

thinly myelinated, faster conducting A delta fibers (first pain) unmyelinated slowly conducting C fibers (second pain) glutamate or substance P

Question 27

how are pain and temperature sensations from the periphery transmitted? what are the components and what is formed as a result of this?

Answer 27

to higher centers via ascending sensory tracts GSA and GVA forming the anterolateral system

Question 28

what comprises the anterolateral system?

Answer 28

``` spinothalamic tract spinoreticular tract spinotectal tract spinomesencepalic tract spinobulbar tract spinohypothalamic tract ```

Question 29

what are the primary ascending pathways for pain?

Answer 29

spinothalamic tracts - lateral spinothalamic tract - anterior spinothalamic tract dorsolateral tract of Lissauer

Question 30

name this theory: C and Adelta afferents of there 1st order nociceptive neurons, that terminate in the substantia gelatinosa relay nociceptive impulses by inhibiting SG interneurons?

Answer 30

Gate control threory via modulation of nociception

Question 31

these types of fibers stimulate inhibitory interneurons and the 2nd order neurons of the spinothalamic tract

Answer 31

Aa and Ab (Ia and Ib) fibers (large touch pressure, proprioceptive 1st order neurons) that stimulate inhibitory interneurons and the 2nd order neurons of the spinothalamic tract these interneurons establish presynaptic inhibitory synapses with the C, Adelta, Aalpha, or Abeta fibers preventing the impulses from being transmitted to the 2nd order neuron

Question 32

what are the descending pathways that modulate pain?

Answer 32

periaqueductal gray nucleus raphe magnus (serotonergic) locus ceruleus (noradrenergic)

Question 33

what are the theories of referred pain?

Answer 33

convergence projection theory concept of referred pain

Question 34

GVA and GSA afferent fibers terminate at the same spinal cord level, and converge and synapse on the same interneurons and or second order projection neurons

Answer 34

convergence projection theory

Question 35

suggests that the GVA 1st order neurons continuously stimulate 2nd order projection neurons which transmit nociceptive sensory input from somatic structures via the spin-reticular fibers to the reticular formation, thalamus, and hypothalamus. Input transmitted to the somatosensory cortex which receives somatic sensory input from somatic structures and this misinterprets the source of origin of the nociceptive input

Answer 35

concept of referred pain

Question 36

when non-nociceptive stimuli are perceived as being painful

Answer 36

allodynia

Question 37

implies increased sensitivity in the area of the damaged tissue

Answer 37

primary hyperalgesia

Question 38

increased sensitivity in tissues adjacent tot eh actual site of tissue damage. Due to release of certain substances from the damaged tissue which make the receptors more excitable

Answer 38

secondary hyperalgesia

Question 39

when are secondary hyperalgesic agents released?

Answer 39

by mast cells when nearby cells are injured which are neuropeptides

Question 40

what are the secondary hyperalgesic agents?

Answer 40

``` bradykinin prostaglandins substance P Calcitonin gene histamine and serotonin ```

Question 41

name this secondary hyperalgesic agent from the proteolytic breakdown of extracellular kinogens. also a potent vasodilator

Answer 41

bradykinin

Question 42

name this secondary hyperalgesic agent from the enzymatic breakdown of lipid membranes

Answer 42

prostaglandins

Question 43

name this secondary hyperalgesic agent added NTs in nociceptors generated by extreme nociceptor activity leads to vasodilation PG, histmine and cytokine release stimulates angiogenesis

Answer 43

substance P and calcitonin gene

Question 44

name this secondary hyperalgesic agent released by mast cells through the stimulation of substance P leading to increased sensitization and vasodilation

Answer 44

histamine and serotonin

Question 45

this is found in spicy foods and seasonings; causing an increase in the release of substance P. In high concentrations used as a topical rub

Answer 45

capsaicin

Question 46

what is another ascending pathway we talked about in which the these sensory impulses for visceral pains caused by ischemia leads to smooth muscle spasm or distension.

Answer 46

viscerosensory tract

Question 47

this ascending tract enters the spinal cord through the anterior roots

Answer 47

viscerosensory tract