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PSYC 351D > Sleep part 1 > Flashcards

Sleep part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is low levels of sleep associated with?

A

increased risk of cardiovascular disease

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2
Q

What is a biorhythm?

A

Inherent timing mechanism (biological block) that controls or initiates various biological processes.

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3
Q

What are the four types of biorhythms ( give examples)?

A

Circannual rhythm: Yearly
* Infradian rhythm: more than a day but less than a year (menstrual)
* Circadian rhythm: Daily (wake/sleep)
* Ultradian rhythm: Less than a day (eating)

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4
Q

Is behaviour simply driven by external cues (light) from the environment?

A

No; Rhythms are endogenous: control comes from within

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5
Q

What is a biological clock?

A

Neural system that times
behavior by synchronizing it to the temporal passage of the real day

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6
Q

Explain the study on biological clocks and plants?

A

If a plant is put in a dark environment the leaves still open and close without external cue

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7
Q

What is Free-running rhythms?

A

Rhythm of the body’s own devising in the absence of all external cues

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8
Q

What is our body’s free running rhythm? How does this effect our sleep cycle?

A

Our body has its own rhythms
with a period of 25 to 27 hours
Sleep–wake cycle shifts an hour
or so every day

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9
Q

Describe the study and the results of the bunker study.

A

Participants put in bunker with no light or clocks. Waking periods of the participants began to change because there were no cues to light and dark periods. Overtime the participants in the bunker started getting up at the time experimenters were going to bed

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10
Q

What is a Zeitgeber?

A

Environmental event that entrains biological rhythms; a time setter (light, temp or meal times)

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11
Q

What is entrainment?

A

Determines or modifies the period of a biorhythm

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12
Q

What does an entrained biological clock allow an animal to do?

A

synchronize its daily
activity across seasonal changes

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13
Q

When does entrainment work?

A

when adjustment is not too large (nightshifts are hard)

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14
Q

What disrupts our biorhythms?

A

Light pollution and Jet lag

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15
Q

What causes seasonal affective disorder? How many people have it?

A

Less sunlight in winter does not allow circadian rhythms to be entrained
10%

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16
Q

What does the suprachiasmatic nucleus do? where is it located?

A

Main pacemaker of
circadian rhythms;
located just above the
optic chiasm (hypothalamus)

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17
Q

What is evidence for the SCN’s role in biorhythms?

A
  1. If SCN is damaged, daily activities occur haphazardly.
  2. SCN cells increase metabolic activity during light period.
  3. Cells are more electrically active in light period.
  4. SCN neurons maintain rhythmic activity in absence of input and output.
  5. Cells in a dish retain periodic rhythm.
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18
Q

How do SCN neurons maintain rhythmic activity in absence of input and output?

A

Cellular rhythm are synchronized to each other (via GABA synapses) and to
Zeitgebers (cells hold eachother to a rhythm)

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19
Q

What are some other clocks within the body?

A

The intergeniculate leaflet (connected to SCN, sleep-wake cycle, temp regulation, hormone system)
* The pineal gland (secretes melatonin)
* Nearly every cell in the body has its own clock

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20
Q

Can animals display rhythmic behaviour without an SCN?

A

Yes, anticipatory behaviour at mealtime –> go to the place it expects food but not on expected time interval

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21
Q

What is the pathway for sleep?

A

Retinohypothalamic pathway

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22
Q

What cells are involved in the Retinohypothalamic pathway? What do they do?

A

Melanopsins retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Keep track of how much blue light is in the environment

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23
Q

Where do the axons of the from the RGCs go?

A

Axons from the RGCs project to the SCN bilaterally, crossing at the optic chiasm

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24
Q

What are the two sub-divisions of the SCN?

A

Core and shell

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25
What does the Core of the SCN do? Where is it situated?
ventral; non rhythmic receives info about how much light is coming in and passes it onto shell
26
What does the Shell of the SCN do? Where is it situated?
dorsal; rhythmic Can be trained and modulates slave ossilators
27
Where else does the SCN receive input from?
Intergeniculate leaflet (thalamus) and the raphe nuclei (serotonin; and brainstem)
28
What does the Intergeniculate leaflet do?
Temperature regulation and sleep/wake cycle
29
What does the raphe nucleus do?
How aroused we feel at different times during the day
30
Are SCN Endogenous Rhythm’s Learned?
No, they are genetically programmed.
31
What is evidence that SCN rhythms are genetically programmed?
Behaviour of animals raised in constant darkness still becomes rhythmic. * Behaviour of animals deprived of zeitgebers for multiple generations still becomes rhythmic. * Behaviour of offspring whose mother’s SCN is lesioned still becomes rhythmic
32
What did the study on lesioning hamster SCN find?
Lesioned hamster SCN to abolished rhythmicity of behaviours * SCN cells transplanted from embryos reestablished circadian rhythms
33
What causing the ticking of time?
Circadian rhythm involves a feedback loop SCN acts as ‘master clock’ – helps synchronize individual cellular rhythms to the external light-dark cycle
34
Describe the feedback loop for circadian rhythm in the SCN:
Two different proteins are made from DNA instructions and combined. * Combined protein (dimer) inhibits the genes that made their original constituent proteins. * Dimer degrades, and the process begins anew. * The whole process (protein synthesis, inhibition, degradation) takes 24 hours * Increase and decrease in protein synthesis once each day produces the cellular rhythm.
35
Describe the model for Circadian Timing System
Light entrains the SCN pacemaker SCN pacemaker drives a number of slave oscillators, each of which controls the rhythmic occurrence of one behavior (e.g., body temperature, eating, motor activity).
36
What is an example of the circadian timing system?
Have dinner at 5 instead of 7 because it gets dark early
37
Describe the pathways for slave oscillator entrainment:
SCN neurons send axons to nearby nuclei in the hypo/thalamus, which pass on the entraining signal. * SCN connects directly with pituitary neurons to control hormone release to entrain body tissues (glucocorticoids) --> increase in morning * SCN connects with the pineal gland to control hormone release (melatonin). * SCN cells themselves release hormones
38
How are biorhythms related to cognition and emotion?
Biorhythms strongly influence cognition and emotion * Adaptive for cognitive & emotional events to occur at the right time of day. * Adaptive to be able to predict when events will occur
39
Give three examples of how biorhythms influence cognition and emotion:
Memory is improved if tested at the same time in the circadian period when the event was encoded. Rats showed time-stamped memories (cognitive rhythms) If you watch a horror moving during the day you show a less strong physiological response --> emotional reactivity and light (emotional rythms)
40
How long do people sleep?
There is considerable variation in people’s sleep– waking behavior. * People sleep more when they are young. * Most people sleep 7–8 hours per night. * Some sleep much more or less (As little as 1 hour)
41
What is used to measure the electrical activity of the brain and body during sleep?
A polysomnography
42
What does an EEG measure?
brain waves
43
What does an electromyogram (EMG) measure?
Muscle tone
44
What does an Electrooculogram (EOG) measure?
Eye movements
45
What is shown on the EEG, EMG and EOG during waking state?
Beta waves Muscle tone Eye movement
46
What are betawaves?
Small-amplitude waves with a fast frequency (repetition period 15 to 30 Hz);
47
What is a relaxed state?
Not sleeping but in bed with your eyes close (once you open eyes alpha rhythm goes away)
48
What does the EEG show during a relaxed state?
Alpha Rhythm generated around occipital cortex
49
What is Alpha Rhythm?
Regular, larger amplitude, slower frequency waves (approx. 7-11hz)
50
What is the N1 sleep stage?
Drowsy state, sleep onset Can easily wake up Short stage
51
When do hypnogogic reactions occur?
In N1
52
What does the EGG, EMG and EOG show during N1 sleep?
Waveforms become mixed, giving way to some slower frequencies (including Theta) EMG: Muscles have tone * EOG: Eye rolling (sometimes
53
What is N2 sleep? What does the EEG, EMG, and EOG show?
Asleep EEG: stable theta waves with occasional sleep spindles and K- complexes EMG: Muscles have tone EOG: Not moving
54
What are theta waves?
Low amplitude, slower frequency waves
55
What are K-complexes and what are they involved in?
Large amplitude, slow waves Involved in suppression of behavioural activity --> inhibit you from awaking so the arousal of memories don't wake you up
56
What are sleep spindles and what do they do?
quick medium amplitude waves Involved in memory consolidation
57
What is N3 sleep? What do the EEG, EMG, and EOG show?
Deep sleep, hard to wave someone up (they may go right back into N3) EEG: Delta waves EMG: Muscles have tone EOG: Not moving
58
What are delta waves?
Large amplitude, slow waves.
59
What does the EEG, EMG, and EOG show during REM sleep?
EEG: Beta Waves - similar to waking state. * EMG: Muscles have no tone (atonia) – completely inactive * EOG: Rapidly moving
60
REM sleep shows sawtooth waves, what do they do?
Activate different brain areas so you can start to dream
61
What is atonia?
No motor commands to muscles from the brainstem down, can still have reflexes

PSYC 351D (9 decks)

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