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Kin 157 > Slide 4 - Skinfolds > Flashcards

Slide 4 - Skinfolds Flashcards

1
Q

What is a skinfold measurement measuring

A

Measuring 2 layers of skin and subcutaneous fat between the layers

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2
Q

What is a skinfold measurement

What does it evaluate

A

A technique where the thickness of the skin and subcutaneous fat is estimated

Evaluates localisation of storage fat

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3
Q

What type of method does skinfolds use

What is the basis of the method

A

Generalised/population-specific method

Based on the fact that subcutaneous fat is a proportion of total fat in the body

Equations made to estimate skinfold thickness to overall body fat

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4
Q

What do skinfold spring loaded calipers exert

A

Standardised pressure

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5
Q

What do plastic calipers do

A

Less scale precision
None constant tension throughout ROM
Smaller measurement scale

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6
Q

What should we do before measuring with a skinfold caliper

A

Check calibration

Use same caliper to monitor change

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7
Q

What are the site differences in males and females

A

Women 3 site:
Triceps
Suprailiac
Thigh

Men 3 site:
Chest
Abdomen
Thigh

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8
Q

What are the assumptions of skinfolds

A

Age is an independent predictor of body density for adults

Skinfolds are a good estimate of subcutaneous fat

Distribution of fat subcutaneously and internally (visceral) is similar for all individuals within each gender

The sum of several skinfolda can be used to estimate total body fat

There is a relationship between sum of skinfolds and body density

Density and proportion of tissues making FFM are constant

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9
Q

Someone who has more visceral than subcutaneous is at

A

Higher risk

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10
Q

What are the potential sources of error in skinfolds

A

Ease of separating adipose layers from underlying muscle

Compressibility of skin and adipose tissue

Different proportions of visceral and adipose tissue

Handedness

Skin thickness

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11
Q

What is validity

How do you know if something is valid

A

Accuracy of measurement

Comparison between calculation of gold standard vs alternative method

This is known as the validity coefficient

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12
Q

What is the validity coefficient

A

Correlation between gold standard and alternative method

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13
Q

What coefficient would show a perfect relationship

What is the rule of thumb

A

Coefficient of 1.0

The closer the R value to 1.0 the better = > 0.8 is good

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14
Q

What is the standard error of the estimate (SEE)

What does it quantify

What is the rule of thumb

A

Average degree of deviation of data around a line

Quantifies the accuracy or validity

The smaller the better

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15
Q

What is reliability

A

Assesses repeatability of measurement - looking for consistency and stability of scores

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16
Q

What is the reliability coefficient

What is the rule of thumb

A

Correlation between test 1 and test 2

The test method is the same each time

> 0.9 is good

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17
Q

What is objectivity

A

Inter-tester reliability

Comparison of scores by multiple technicians

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18
Q

What influences a technicians ability

A

Training
Practice
Standard procedures

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19
Q

What is objectivity coefficient

What is the rule of thumb

A

Correlation between tester 1 and tester 2

> 0.9 is good

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20
Q

Validity R value should be =

Reliability R value should be =

Objectivity R value should be =

A

> 0.8

> 0.9

> 0.9

21
Q

What is a good ESTIMATE of subcutaneous fat

A

Skinfolds

22
Q

In adults, what is a independent predictor of body density

A

Age

23
Q

Distribution of fat subcutaneously and internally (visceral) is….

A

Similar for all individuals within each gender

24
Q

What is a good ESTIMATE of TOTAL body fat

A

Sum of several skinfold

25
Q

Is there a relationship between body density and sum of skinfolds

A

Yes

26
Q

Density and proportion of tissues making up Fat free mass are…

A

Constant

27
Q

When looking at validity, what is the RESIDUAL difference

A

Gold standard - alternative method

28
Q

Midaxillary and abdominal sites for skinfold are horizontal fold from standardized (Harrison) sites

A

True

29
Q

Calf skinfold site is a vertical fold at the level of maximal calf circumference on lateral aspect of calf with knee and hip flexed to 90 degree

A

False

30
Q

Abdominal skinfold from Jackson is _______ fold and fold is taken _______ lateral to the umbilicus

A

Vertical 2 cm

31
Q

If you use 3 skinfold sites from Jackson’s nomogram to estimate % body fat for women, which sites are correct ones to measure

A

Triceps
Supraillac
Thigh

32
Q

During skinfold assessment, the underlying muscle may be contracted while applying the caliper

A

False

33
Q

Validity is an accuracy of measurement, usually used to detect how accurate the alternative method is compared to gold standard

A

True

34
Q

“Distribution of subcutaneous and visceral fat is similar for all individuals within each gender” is one of the assumptions for skinfold technique for assessment of body composition

A

True

35
Q

The rule of thumb for validity is R value < 0.80 from correlation coefficient

A

False

36
Q

Standard error of the estimate is the average of degree of deviation of data around a line. The smaller number quantifies the validity

A

True

37
Q

For Sloan-Weir Nomogram, Jackson sites are used to estimate body density and % body fat

A

False

38
Q

As the sum of skinfolds increases, the density of the body increases

A

False

39
Q

The skinfold method accurately measures visceral fat

A

False

40
Q

Skinfold thickness measurement measures one layer of skin and subcutaneous fat

A

False

41
Q

When you make a fold, your thumb and index finger are placed approximately 8cm (3 inches) apart so that a full fold can be pinched up firmly and cleanly from the underlying tissue

A

True

42
Q

Using Durnin and Womersley table, you can estimate % body fat by calculating the sum of biceps, triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac folds

A

True

43
Q

If you are using standardized sites (Harrison’s), suprailiac fold is posteriorly measured from the midaxillary line above the iliac crest

A

True

44
Q

Which of the following methods may be used to check the calibration of a skinfold caliper

A

Use a calibration bar. If the caliper correctly reads the size of the bar, the caliper is calibrated at that measurement

45
Q

One of the assumptions of the skinfold method is that measuring skinfold thickness at multiple sites provides a good measure of subcutaneous fat. This assumption reflects which measurement concept

A

Validity of the skinfold method

46
Q

From Durnin and Womersley table what can you estimate

What skinfolds are required in order to estimate it

A

% body fat

Biceps
Triceps
Subscapular
Suprailiac

47
Q

Sloan weir nomogram predicts what

What skinfold method does it use

A

Body density
% Body fat

Standard

48
Q

Jackson nomogram estimates

Uses what equation (how many skinfolds)

A

% body fat

sum of three skinfold

Kin 157 (24 decks)

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