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2nd Year > SLK 220 Sem test 1&2 > Flashcards

SLK 220 Sem test 1&2 Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

what are the 2 criteria for natural selection

A

survival and reproduction

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2
Q

what is the biological starting point of social psychology

A

being social improves survival and reproduction

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3
Q

what are the 4 evolutionary benefits of being social
MAFT

A

Mate and reproduce easier
Alert each other to danger
Find more food
Take care of sick and injured

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4
Q

which part of the brain is bigger in people who are more social

A

orbital prefrontal cortex

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5
Q

what is the social brain theory

A

animals with bigger brains live in longer, more complex social groups

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6
Q

what is the cultural animal theory

A

evolution shaped the human psyche so as to enable humans to create and take part in culture

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7
Q

what can culture be considered as

A

a system of many moving parts that work together

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8
Q

what are the 4 important features of culture
SCCC

A

Shared ideas
Culture as a social system
Culture as praxis
Culture, information and meaning

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9
Q

what is the relative age effect

A

children born earlier in the year are more advanced and therefore tend to get more oportunities regarding sports and academics

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10
Q

what is precarious manhood

A

men respond with aggression when they experience threats to their masculinity

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11
Q

what is individualism

A

people take care of themselves and choose how to act

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12
Q

what is collectivism

A

maintaining relationships and getting along with others is more important than doing whatever you want

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13
Q

what is co-evolution

A

nature and culture changed together and shaped eachother

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14
Q

what is the duplex mind

A

the idea that the mind has 2 different processing systems

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15
Q

what are the 2 main systems of the duplex mind

A

the automatic system and the deliberate system

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16
Q

what is conscious override

A

when the automatic and deliberate systems work against eachother

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17
Q

what are the 3 components of the self

A

self-knowledge
interpersonal self
agent self

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18
Q

what is the other term for self-knowledge

A

self-concept

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19
Q

what is the other term for the interpersonal self

A

public self

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20
Q

what is the other term for the agent self

A

executive function

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21
Q

what is self-construal

A

a way of thinking about the self

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22
Q

what is independent self-construal

A

emphasises what makes the self different and sets it apart from others

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23
Q

what is interdependent self-construal

A

emphasises what connects the self to other people and groups.

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24
Q

define self-awareness

A

attention directed at the self

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25
what are the 2 kinds of self awareness
private and public
26
what is the self awareness theory
suggests that some situations lead to self-awareness
27
what is the looking glass self
how people learn about themselves from others
28
what are the 3 components of the looking glass self
imagining how you appear to others imagining how others will judge you develop an emotional response as a result of this imagining
29
define introspection
when a person examines the contents of their mind and mental states
30
what are the 2 limits of introspection
developmental and people not realizing how their minds work
31
what is the theory of social comparison
looking at the difference between oneself and another person
32
what are the 2 types of social comaprison
upwards and downwards
33
what is the self-perception theory
people observe their own behaviour to deduce what they're thinking/how they're feeling
34
what is one of the most important instances of self perception
motivation
35
what are the 2 kinds of motivation
intrinsic and extrinsic
36
what is intrinsic motivation
wanting to perform an activity for its own sake
37
what is extrinsic motivation
performing an activity because of what results from it
38
what is the overjustification effect
intrinsic motivation decreases for activities that become associated with rewards. rewards transform play into work
39
what are the 3 reasons for wanting self knowledge SAC
self-enhancement motive appraisal motive consistency motive
40
what is the self-reference effect
info relating to the self is processed and remembered better and more thoroughly than other info
41
what is the endowment effect
items gain in value to the person who owns them
42
define self-esteem
how favourably someone evaluates themself
43
what are the 3 positive illusions that characterise the thought processes of 'normal people' OOU
overestimate their goods overestimate their control unrealistically optimistic
44
what are self-deception strategies
mental tricks that people use to help them believe things that are false
45
what is self-serving bias
a pattern when people take credit for success but deny blame for failure
46
what are 4 of the harmful consequences of pursuing self-esteem DIPI
damaging relationships impairing autonomy potentially harmful to health impairing learning
47
what is self-presentation
behaviours that seek to covey some image/info about the self to other people
48
what are the 2 steps to making choices
reduce the range of choices carefully compare highlighted options
49
what are the 4 influences on choice RKTT
risk aversion keeping options open the certainty effect temporal discounting
50
what is status quo bias
the preference to keep things the way they are rather than change
51
what is omission bias
taking the course of action that doesn't require you to do anything
52
what is the reactance theory
the idea that people are distressed by the loss of freedom/options so they try to reclaim them.
53
what are the 3 main consequences of reactance WAT
want forbidden option aggression try to reclaim lost option
54
what are entity theorists
those who believe traits are fixed and stable therefore people shouldn't be expected to change
55
what are incremental thoerists
those who believe traits are subject to change and improvement
56
what is the self-determination theory
people need to feel at least some degree of autonomy and internal motivation
57
what is the panic button effect
believing that one has an escae option can reduce stress even if the option isnt used
58
what is goal shielding
occurs when the activation of a focal goal the person is working on inhibits the accessibility of alternative goals
59
what is planning fallacy
belief that one's own project will proceed as planned, even when knowing that the vast majority of similar projects have run late
60
what is self-regulation
the self's capacity to alter its own response
61
what are the 3 main components of self-regulation SMS
standards monitoring strength
62
what is decision fatigue
a state of depleted willpower caused by making decisions, which can affect subsequent decisions by causing people to fail to think and choose carefully
63
what is self-defeating behaviour
any action by which people bring failure, suffering or misfortune on themselves
64
what is social cognition
a 1970s social psychology movement that focused on people's thoughts about people and social relationships
65
define the term 'cognitive miser'
a term used to describe people's reluctance to do much extra thinking
66
what is the stroop test
a standard measure of effortful control over responses- participants identify the colour of the word instead of the word itself
67
what is the stroop effect
The finding that people have difficulty overriding the automatic tendency to read the word rather than the colour it is
68
what are the 5 elements that distinguish automatic processes from deliberate processes CIA EE
control intention awareness effort efficiency
69
what are knowledge structures
organised packets of info that are stored in memory
70
what is a schema
knowledge structures that represent substantial info about a concept, its attributes, and its relationship t other concepts
71
what are scripts
knowledge structures that define situations and guide behaviour
72
what is priming
the process by which a given stimulus activates mental pathways therefore enhancing their accessibility
73
what is framing
how info is presented to others
74
what are the 2 types of framing
gain-framed appeal loss-framed appeal
75
what are the 4 main types of attributions that people make when they see themselves or someone else perform
internal stable internal unstable external stable external unstable
76
what is the actor/observer bias
the tendency for actors to make external attributions and observers to make internal attributions
77
what is the fundamental attribution error
the tendency for observers to attribute other people's behaviour to internal causes and to downplay situational causes
78
what are heuristics
mental shortcuts
79
what are the 4 common types of heuristics we use SARA
simulation availability representativeness anchoring and adjustment
80
what are the 2 types of info people typically have access to
statistical info case history info
81
what is confirmation bias
the tendency to notice and search for info that confirms one's beliefs and to ignore info that disconfirms one's beliefs
82
what is base rate fallacy
the tendency to ignore or underuse base rate info and instead be influenced by the distinctive features of the case being judged
83
what is a hot hand
The tendency for gamblers who get lucky to think they have a 'hot' hand and their luck will continue
84
what is gamblers fallacy
the tendency to believe that a particular chance event is affected by previous events and that chances will 'even out' in the long run
85
what is the false consensus effect
people tend to overestimate the number of people who share their opinions, attitudes, values and beliefs.
86
what is the false uniqueness effect
the tendency to underestimate the number of people who share one's most prized characteristics and abilities
87
what is statistical regression
the statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behaviour to be followed by others that are less extreme and closer to average
88
what is illusion of control
the belief that people can totally control chance situations
89
what is counterfactual thinking
imagining alternatives to past or present events
90
what are the 2 types of counterfactual thinking
upward and downward

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