Small Animal Nursing

Question 1

Normal fluid loss occurs in 3 ways:

Answer 1

Excretion, respiration, sweating/milk

Question 2

Abnormal fluid loss can occur in 4 ways

Answer 2

Vomiting, diarrhea, panting, polyuria

Question 3

Normal urine production is _______/kg/hour

Answer 3

1-2ml

Question 4

Semi-dry mucus membranes and a mild loss of skin tugor means the animal is ___% dehydrated

Answer 4

5

Question 5

Moderate loss in skin tugor, dry mucus membranes, weak or rapid pulse, sunken eyes mean the animal is ___% dehydrated

Answer 5

8

Question 6

What symptoms accompany severe/10% dehydration?

Answer 6

Tachycardia, tacky mucus membranes, weak pulse, hypotension, altered state of consciousness, severe sunken eyes

Question 7

What is the most commonly used type of fluid for replenishing interstitial deficits?

Answer 7

Isotonic crystalloid (LRS, Plasmalyte, Normosol-R)

Question 8

Give an eample of a hypotonic crystalloid fluid solution

Answer 8

5% Dextrose in water

Question 9

Give an example of a hypertonic crystalloid fluid solution

Answer 9

7% Hypertonic Saline

Question 10

A Colloid fluid is a solution containing ___ or ___ molecules. What is its purpose?

Answer 10

protein or starch. to remain in the intravascular space and expand its volume

Question 11

Name 3 situations when you would use a Colloid fluid solution

Answer 11

When crystalloids are not effectively improving blood volume; large patients, emergency surgery, large fluid loss

Question 12

Give an eample of a synthetic colloid fluid solution

Answer 12

Hetastarch

Question 13

Give an example of a natural colloid fluid solution

Answer 13

Plasma or albumin solution

Question 14

For hypovolemic, shock, or severely dehydrated patients _____ fluids should be administered at ______ml/kg IV for cats and _____ml/kg IV for dogs

Answer 14

Isotonic crystalloids. 50ml/kg for cats and 80ml/kg dogs

Question 15

When an animal is in shock, calculate the shock dose and give them ___% bolus

Answer 15

25%

Question 16

How do you calculate the replacement fluid amount needed for a dehydrated animal?

Answer 16

%dehydration x bodyweight (kg) x 10

Question 17

How do you calculate the daily fluid requirement for an animal with dehydration?

Answer 17

replacement + maintenance + ongoing losses

Question 18

Maintenance fluids for cats and dogs are:

Answer 18

Cats: 2-3ml/kg/hour
Dogs: 2-6ml/kg/hour

Question 19

Why would we not use LRS as maintenance fluids?

Answer 19

Maintenance fluids are indicated for patients not eating/drinking and LRS contins more sodium and less potassium than the patient requires

Question 20

What are 4 existing conditions that would contraindicate the use of fluid therapy?

Answer 20

Pulmonary contusions, pulmonary edema, brain injury or congestive heart failure

Question 21

What are some clinical signs of fluid overload?

Answer 21

hyperventilation, weight gain, increased lung sounds with cracks and wheezes, edema of conjunctiva, pitting edema

Question 22

When it comes to canine blood types, what does DEA Stand for?

Answer 22

Dog erythrocyte antigen

Question 23

There are 6 canine blood types:

Answer 23

DEA 1.1
DEA 1.2
DEA 3
DEA 4
DEA 5
DEA 7

Question 24

What is the most common canine blood type? What does this mean?

Answer 24

DEA 4. Universal donor/recipient.

Question 25

To donate blood, a dog must weigh _____ and be between 1 and 7 years old

Answer 25

55lb (25kg)

Question 26

How long post-vaccination can dogs donate blood?

Answer 26

11-12 days

Question 27

A maximum of ____ml can be collected from a dog once every 4-5 weeks

Answer 27

450 ml

Question 28

What are the 3 feline blood types?

Answer 28

A B AB

Question 29

The most common feline blood type is:

Answer 29

A

Question 30

Most purebred felines have the blood type:

Answer 30

B

Question 31

Why is there no feline universal blood type donor?

Answer 31

Cats have naturally occuring alloantibodies against any blood-type they dont have

Question 32

Cats with type A blood can receive A blood, and cats with type B blood can receive B blood. What blood type can cats with AB blood type receive?

Answer 32

Either A or B type

Question 33

Cats must weigh ______ to donate blood and be less than 8 years of age

Answer 33

10lb (4.5kg)

Question 34

A feline donor may provide ______ml of blood every 4-5 weeks

Answer 34

70ml

Question 35

Initial administration of blood products should be slow, _____ml/kg for the first 20 minutes to gauge reaction

Answer 35

0.25

Question 36

If there is no signs of reaction, the blood administration can continue at the rate of ___ml/kg/hour

Answer 36

5-10

Question 37

A key indicator of delayed blood transfusion reaction is a drop in _____, 2-21 days post-transfusion

Answer 37

PCV

Question 38

What are the 4 phases of wound healing

Answer 38

Inflammatory, debridement, repair, maturation

Question 39

Describe the inflammatory phase of wound healing

Answer 39

Occurs immediately after injury. Vasoconstriction to control hemorrhage and produce a clot. Scab formation begins.

Question 40

Describe the debridement phase of wound healing

Answer 40

Begins about 6 hours after injury. Neutrophils and monocytes travel to the site to remove foreign material, bacteria and necrotic tissue. Exudate is formed from fluid and WBCs

Question 41

Describe the repair phase of wound healing.

Answer 41

Begins 3-5 days post-injury. Fibroblasts produce collagen that will eventually become scar tissue and strenghten wound. Granulation tissue starts to appear after new capillaries, fibroblasts and fibrous tissue are made.

Question 42

Wound contraction (shrinking of the size of the wound) occurs how long post-injury?

Answer 42

5-9 days

Question 43

Describe the maturation phase of wound healing

Answer 43

Wound strength increases to maximum level

Question 44

Small lacerations that heal via noncomplicated healing are categorized as _____ healing

Answer 44

Primary or First-intention

Question 45

______ is recommended for cleaning the outer edges of a wound

Answer 45

Chlorhexidine

Question 46

What is a thymoma? a) Benign tumor on hypothalmus b) Malignant tumor near thyroid cartilage c) Malignant tumor of thymus d) Benign tumor of tongue

Answer 46

B

Question 47

5 stages of grief:

Answer 47

1. Denial 2. Bargaining 3. Anger 4. Depression 5. Acceptance

Question 48

SQ fluids are contraindicated when: a) Evidence of mild dehydration is present b) Patient needs Dextrose c) Patient is very small d) There is evidence of chronic heart failure

Answer 48

B: Dextrose cannot be given SQ

Question 49

Hypotonic crystallid is used to: a) Decrease edema b) add protein to blood c) decrease interstitial volume d) increase intravascular volume

Answer 49

D

Question 50

The amount of Normosol-R replacement fluid for a 35.6kg dog who is 8% dehydrated would be calculated as: a) 2920ml b) 292 ml c) 1825 ml d) 365ml

Answer 50

A

Question 51

Gonioscopy is: a) Using an ophthalmascope and magnification lens to examine the iris angle and anterior chamber b) examination for KCS and neoplasm c) A term used to describe examination of the trachea d) Insertion of a tube through the nasal passage entering the esophagus

Answer 51

A

Question 52

The etiology of Ringworm is: a) Staph, Strep or Pasturella b) Otodectes c) Microsporum, Trichophyton d) Malessezia

Answer 52

C