Smoking And Disease From It

Question 1

Consequences of smoking cigarettes for lung function (7)

Answer 1

• destroys cilia in trachea (so cilia can no longer function) …
• and mucus builds up (as it can’t be removed)
• leads to (bacterial) infection (of alveoli) (like pneumonia)
• damage of alveoli = loss of surface area / emphysema
• airways inflamed = bronchitis
• can lead to COPD
• lung cancer

Question 2

Factors making CHD more likely

Answer 2

• smoking
• diet
• heredity
• high blood pressure
• stress
• lack of exercise

Question 3

How does CHD cause death

Answer 3

• cholesterol builds up on…
• coronary arteries…
• so coronary arteries are narrowed
• this can sometimes even lead to blood clots
• these mean less blood to heart
• so less oxygen
• less aerobic respiration
• in muscle cells
• lactic acid production (following anaerobic respiration)
• heart attack

Question 4

Effect of emphysema on gas exchange

Answer 4

• less surface area…
• so less diffusion…
• so less oxygen

Question 5

How you get bronchitis

Answer 5

• cilia are destroyed by chemicals in cigarette smoke
• less cilia = less mucus swept away from lungs
• so mucus remains to block air passages
• smoke also irritates the lining of airways
• so more mucus is secreted by cells
• infection from bacteria in mucus + irritation of bronchial tree cause bronchitis

Question 6

Effect of bronchitis

Answer 6

• reduced air flow due to blocked air passages
• difficulty breathing