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Stem Cells Flashcards

(15 cards)

1
Q

How can stem cells repair

A
  • stem cells can differentiate
  • stem cells divide
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2
Q

Why is using stem cells from same person better than using stem cells from different person

A
  • cells will have same DNA
  • same antigens / blood group
  • less risk of rejection
  • no immune response
  • no risk of infection
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3
Q

What is a stem cell

A
  • unspecialized cells…
  • which can differentiate to be any cell type
  • and then divide by mitosis (self-replicating)
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4
Q

Two types of stem cells

A
  • embryonic stem cells
  • adult stem cells
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5
Q

Where adult stem cells found

A
  • bone marrow (mostly)
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6
Q

Where are embryonic stem cells found

A
  • early embryos
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7
Q

Embryonic stem cells vs adult stem cells

A
  • embryonic can become any type of cell
  • adult stem cells can only become certain types of cells
  • (like blood cells)
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8
Q

Pros of using embryonic stem cells in medicine

A
  • can differentiate into various cell types
  • used
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9
Q

What is a stem cell

A
  • undifferentiated cell
  • that can divide and produce specialized stem cells
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10
Q

Define cell differentiation

A
  • process by which cells become different, specialized cell types
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11
Q

Uses of stem cells

A
  • making nerve cells
  • to repair broken spinal cords
  • making heart cells
  • to replace heart tissue that has been damaged by CHD
  • making new retinal cells
  • to cure blindness
  • making pancreas cells
  • that can make insulin
  • to cure diabetes
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12
Q

Pros of embryonic stem cells

A
  • can make any cell types
  • many spare embryos from IVF that would otherwise perish
  • if cloned they have identical genes to patient
  • so not rejected
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13
Q

Cons of embryonic stem cells

A
  • ethics: ‘killing’ potential human lives
  • if spare embryos used from IVF, ES cells won’t be genetically identical to patient
  • could lead to rejection
  • human embryos are difficult to grow in culture + very fragile
  • so inefficient cloning
  • may be few potential donors
  • since you need human eggs and embryos
  • difficult to mak ES cells differentiate into the correct cell type(s)
  • if incorrect differentiation, can lead to tumors and cancer
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14
Q

Pros of adult stem cells

A
  • no ethical issue
  • easier to control, since already partially differentiated
  • less likely to cause tumors
  • no concerns over supply
  • if patient’s own AS cells used, no rejection (since genetically identical)
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15
Q

Cons of adult cells

A
  • not all cell types can be produced
  • difficult to extract
  • AS cells age, so cells from elderly may not last long
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