soci 4

Question 1

Social inequalities

Answer 1

-we are not equal but can be treated with equity
-a function of many factors including ethnicity, race, gender, class
-existence of long term differences in access to goods and services among social groups

Question 2

progression of human societies

Answer 2

-august comte
-3 stages
-1. theological stage: people fetishize things and believe in deities
-2. metaphysical stage: similar to theological stage but different in way of abstraction of belief in objective/concrete god
-3. positive stage:
scientific thinking is preeminent

Question 3

growth and development of human society

Answer 3

-both signify progress
-growth is quantitative
-development is qualitative

Question 4

nature and causes of wealth

Answer 4

-Adam smith
-insatiability of human wants
-utilization of resources
-enhanced productivity
-need to increase satisfaction

Question 5

Thomas Hobbes

Answer 5

-astronomical population growth
-defends materialism–the view that only material things are real
-social contract (political philosophy)

Question 6

Marx and webber

Answer 6

-main term to talk about social inequality is “class”
-class is relational and reflects the relationship of people

Question 7

means of production

Answer 7

-the resources needed to produce goods
-means of production are capital
-the funds and properties necessary for large scale manufacturing and trading

Question 8

2 relationships to the means of production

Answer 8

-the owner (aristocrats)
-bourgeoisie ( capitalists who own the means of production)
- petty bourgeoisie ( small time owners with little capital)
-the workers (peasants)
- proletariat ( class of workers who succeeded the peasant class of pre-industrialization era)
- lumpenproletariat (small time criminal , beggars, unemployed)

Question 9

Dialectical materialism

Answer 9

-marx
-wrote at height of industrial revolution
-prevalence of laissez-faire market
-struggles between capitalist interests and workers rights

Question 10

class as social identity

Answer 10

-class has a corporate identity
-shared sense of common purpose, class consciousness
-awareness of what is in the best interests of ones class

Question 11

webers critique of Marx

Answer 11

-weber also saw society as divided into economic classes
-thought of social inequality as more about ownership than means of production
-stressed about 3 elements
wealth
power
prestige

Question 12

wealth

Answer 12

-includes factories, properties used to make money and properties that are highly respected by members of society
ex. superbowl quarterbacks- flashy car, expensive house, trophy wife

Question 13

prestige

Answer 13

-degree of respect of an individual, socially valued possessions, master statuses are viewed by majority of people in society

Question 14

power

Answer 14

-ability of individuals or groups to achieve their goals despite the opposition of others

Question 15

dominant capital class

Answer 15

-composed of those who own or control large scale production

Question 16

middle class

Answer 16

-representing a mixed middle category of small business people, educated professionals, credentialed salaried employees and wage earners

Question 17

Working class

Answer 17

-people who lack resources or capacities apart form their own labour power

Question 18

class division and popular sport

Answer 18

-class and sport connected at professional and recreational levels
-sport that offer people form poor socio economic backgrounds opportunities to achieve financial rewards are called mobility sports
-ex soccer, basketball, boxing

Question 19

social stratification

Answer 19

-describes society as though it is divided into a series of layers

Question 20

stratum

Answer 20

-a group to which people belong on the bases of their income, education

Question 21

strata

Answer 21

-used s units of analysis in stratified sampling, research method in which equal samples are drawn from each stratum of the population

Question 22

quintile

Answer 22

-a segment or stratum, representing each of five equal groups into which the population is divided
-income for example, can be measured by comparing the income of quintiles

Question 23

ideology

Answer 23

-a set of beliefs about society and the people in it
-usually forming the basis of a economic or political theory

Question 24

dominant ideology

Answer 24

-set of beliefs put forward and supportive if the society’s dominant culture or class
-ex. trickle down theory- states that if wealthy are given the freedom to generate more wealth, others in society will benefit

Question 25

neoliberal ideology

Answer 25

-dominant ideology that views individuals as independent players on the sociological scene -downplays concerns over social inequality -may relsut in blaming the victim -reflects a belief of social mobility

Question 26

counter ideology

Answer 26

-offers a critique of dominant ideology -challenges it justice and its universal application to societies -seek to create significant change

Question 27

hegemony

Answer 27

-Antonio gramsci -to explain the prevalence of the dominant ideology -non coercive methods of maintaining power by the dominant class

Question 28

global capitalism

Answer 28

-the global system is made up of the core countries (capital west), the semi peripheral countries of the emerging nations, and the periphery (least developed countries)

Question 29

continued annexation and exploitation

Answer 29

-global inequalities are historical- the dominant west is depended on the wealth of the peripheries to develop right from slavery to colonialism, to Neo-colonialism

Question 30

neo-colonialism

Answer 30

-the old strategies of colonialism have been rebranded in many ways through the agency of: multinational companies aids non-transfer of technology democracy education

Question 31

poverty and excess

Answer 31

-one indicator of inequality in Canada is food banks -use of them increased by 28% between 2008 and 2017

Question 32

minimum wage

Answer 32

lowest hourly rate a person can be paid easiest to replace

Question 33

living wage

Answer 33

generally represents a target above minimum wage considered too low for the working poor to live on

Question 34

canadas 1%

Answer 34

-1% of the worlds pop controlled 99% of the worlds wealth -highest paying eco earns more than 189 times that of average Canadian in 2010 -this number increasing suggesting that inequality is increasing

Question 35

dependency theory

Answer 35

global capitalism, continued annexation and exploitation, Neo-colonialism

Question 36

race

Answer 36

-spurious and controvertible categorization of humans that lack scientific backings -promotes social inequalities -development is hampered by racism and radicalizing tendencies -first applied to humans during European colonial expansion in 16th and 17th centuries -term reflects biological superiority and inferiority -established that there is only one race-the human species

Question 37

racialization

Answer 37

-social process in which human groups are viewed, judged in terms of their intellect morality values innate worth -becuase of perceived differences in physical appearance and cultural herritage

Question 38

visible minority

Answer 38

-defined as persons other than aboriginals who are non-white or non caucasian

Question 39

master narrative

Answer 39

-story a nation tells about itself to celebrate its past and present -evolves over time, reproduced -often gloss over or omit certain unpleasant events that complicate the national self identity

Question 40

race vs. ethnicity

Answer 40

race- something you are born into, based on how you look in relation to others ethnicity -refers to membership of a cultural group that has roots in particular place in the world, distinctive cultural practices

Question 41

study of ethnicity

Answer 41

-everyone belongs to atleast one ethnic group -5 approaches to understand ethnic conflict essentialism postcolonialism epiphenomenal instrusmentalism social constructivism

Question 42

essentialism

Answer 42

-the view that every ethnic group is defined by a laundry list of traits carried down form the past to the present -static view of ethnic culture -culture does not change without the influence of outside forces

Question 43

post colonialism

Answer 43

a framework that analyzes the impact colonialism has on both the colonizer and the colonized

Question 44

colonialism

Answer 44

the economic and political exploitation of a weaker country or people by a stronger one

Question 45

ethnicity as epiphenomenal

Answer 45

-describes a secondary effect that arises but does not causally influence, a separate phenomenon -suggests that any ethnic conflict is just a byproduct of the struggle between economic classes

Question 46

instrumentalism

Answer 46

-focuses on emerging ethnicity rather than on long established ethnic characteristics -traditionally presented as opposite to essentialism and compatible with epiphenomenal

Question 47

ethnic entrepreneurs

Answer 47

elite members who mobilize ethnicity for personal gain

Question 48

social contructivism

Answer 48

the view that ethnicity is artificial -explains how ethnicity is constructed by the elite -looks at the motivation of the broader group not just the elites

Question 49

indigenous in canada

Answer 49

-racialization began in 16th century -they have been living in Canada for 14,000 years now -93% of Canada history is indigenous -indigenous studied as problems not founders

Question 50

indigenous status

Answer 50

the people are defied by a complex system of legal statuses that separate them from non-indigenous people -registered Indian, big-31, Indian, band member, reserve resident, treaty Indian ,Metis,eskimo

Question 51

the black one thousand

Answer 51

late 19th century -many blacks migrated west to be free from prejudice and discrimination -by 1914 the settlement and migration on blacks had ceased because Wilfred Laurier made a declaration that prohibited any immigrants belonging to the negro race from settling in Canada

Question 52

black pop today

Answer 52

-population has declined several times -in the 1970s the black population began to increase consistently -the third largest visible minority in the country are blacks

Question 53

asian Canadians

Answer 53

-as of 2016 two-thirds of visible minority Canadians were of asian ancestry -chinese immigrants began to settle on Canadas west coast in mid 19th century

Question 54

head tax

Answer 54

-to stall undesirable Chinese immigration -started at 50 and moved all the way up to 500 -dramatic effect on chinese immigration -ratio of men to women was 28-1 -women not allowed to work in a place owned by an oriental

Question 55

standpoint theory

Answer 55

-argues that the perspective sociological researchers bring to their work is strongly influenced by their social location, gender, age, ethnicity, sexual orientation

Question 56

W.E.B Du Bois

Answer 56

first black sociologist studied problems concerning africans in the us and elsewhere

Question 57

Daniel g hill

Answer 57

first black Canadian sociologist went to uoft

Question 58

intersectionality

Answer 58

-refers to the way different social factors- race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, class, age- combines to shape the experience of a minorities group -developed by Kimberly Crenshaw and elaborated by Patricia hill collins -dimensions fo inequality create an interlocking matrix of domination

Question 59

racism and 4 linked elements

Answer 59

1.racialization: construction of certain groups of people as different and biologically superior or inferior 2. prejudice: pre-judgement of others on the basis of their group membership 3. discrimination: differential treatment-rewarded or punished- of individuals based on their group membership 4. power: manifested when institutionalized advantages are regularly handed to one or more group over others

Question 60

different kinds of racism

Answer 60

1. racial bigotry: open, conscious expression of racist views by an individual 2. systemic or institutional racism: racist practices rules and laws have become institutionalized 3. polite, smiling or friendly racism: racism hide behind smiles or words that seem friendly, microagressions

Question 61

master narratives and buried knowledge

Answer 61

- racism is often downplayed or omitted in the master narratives that a country constructs about its history -historical mistreatment, exploitations and destruction of minorities is excluded form textbooks -colonialism is reframed as peaceful co-opperation -foucault called this burried knowledge

Question 62

carding and racial profiling

Answer 62

-racial profiling is often at play in the practice fo carding in which police stop, question and document people when no offence has been committed