soci quiz 3

Question 1

status

Answer 1

-a recognized social position that a person occupies
-contributes to a persons social identity
-imposes responsibilities and expectations that defines that persons relationship to other

Question 2

status set

Answer 2

• a collection of statuses people have over a lifetime
  -ex. mother, daughter, wife
  -statuses and our status set change as we age

Question 3

Achieved status

Answer 3

-a status you entered at some stage of your life
-you weren’t born into it
-ex. academic standings, professional positions

Question 4

ascribed status

Answer 4

-status one is born into or enter involuntarily
-ex. daughter, son, teenager, cancer survivor

Question 5

social mobility

Answer 5

• the degree to which your status is achieved or ascribed
• the extent to which peoples social and economic statuses can change

Question 6

sexual orientation and status

Answer 6

-sexual orientation is primarily an ascribed status
-more complicated than being seen as either an ascribed or achieved status
- it has to do with the way ones own sexuality is recognized by others
-status then lies in what you do and not in what you feel

Question 7

master status

Answer 7

-Everett C. Hughes- concept of master status
-dominates all of an individuals statuses in most social contexts
-plays the greatest role in formation of a persons social identity
-ex. race, ethnicity, gender, occupation

Question 8

status hierarchy

Answer 8

-status can be ranked from high to low based on prestige and power
-in social categories such as gender, race, ethnicity, age, class. one status tends to be valued above others
-ex. male over female, white over black

Question 9

status consistency

Answer 9

-condition a person experiences when all of their statuses fall in the same range in the social hierarchy
-ex. male, white, rich, straight, able

Question 10

status inconsistency

Answer 10

-result of marginalization
-occurs when a person holds social statuses that are ranked differently and do not align

Question 11

role

Answer 11

-a set of behaviours and attitudes associated with a particular status
-status may be associated with more than one role

Question 12

role set

Answer 12

-according to Robert merton- all the roles that are attached to a particular status
-ex. professors play the role of teachers colleagues, employees, etc..

Question 13

role strain

Answer 13

-develops when there is a conflict within the role set of a particular status
-ex. a student catching another classmate cheating

Question 14

role conflict

Answer 14

• occurs when a person is forced to reconcile incompatible expectations from two or more statuses they hold
  -ex. conflicting demands of being a mother and a student

Question 15

role exit

Answer 15

-process of disengaging from a role that was central to ones identity and trying to establish a new one
- involves shifting ones master status
-ex. divorce, death
-we all experience this throughout our lives

Question 16

pecking order

Answer 16

-in small groups, statuses can be a valuable way to establish the pecking order- who is in charge
-ex. criminal gangs have a hierarchy of statuses ranging from president to associate to soldier to wannabe

Question 17

William I Thomas

Answer 17

-symbolic interactionist
-coined the concept :definition of the situation
- individuals define situations bases on their subjective experiences
-interpretations and definitions produce reality: a process known as Thomas theorem
-“ situations we define as real become real in their consequences”

Question 18

interaction process analysis

Answer 18

-rober f bales
-developed a system of coding interactions in small groups called interaction process analysis (IPA)
-identifies patterns of behaviour such as dominant/submissive, friendly/unfriendly….

Question 19

social organization

Answer 19

-social and cultural principles around which people and things are structured,, ordered and categorized
-ex. cultures, institutions or corporations are all socially organized around principles

Question 20

organizational structure

Answer 20

-comprised of the principles that are upheld by shared cultural beliefs and maintained through a network of social relations
-based on understandings and knowledge of the world

Question 21

study of organizations

Answer 21

-started with max Webbers work on bureaucracy
-shifted from the examination of social institutions to that of business corporations in search of effective and efficient management practices

Question 22

organizational ritual

Answer 22

• a form of social action where a groups values and identity are publicly demonstrated

Question 23

three models of feminist organizations

Answer 23

1. Formal social movement organizations: professionalized, bureaucratic, inclusive with few demands made on members- ex. women’s rights groups
2. Small groups or collectives: organized informally, require time, loyalty, and resources from its member- ex. women’s publishing houses
   3.service- provider organizations: combine elements of both formal and small group organizations- ex. domestic violence shelters

Question 24

bureaucracy

Answer 24

-arose out of states and writing systems 5,000 years ago
-according to webber bureaucracy is marked by formal rationalization and its 4 elements
1. efficiency
2.quantification
3.predictability
4.control

Question 25

substantive rationalization

Answer 25

focuses on values and ethics

Question 26

formal rationalization

Answer 26

leads to disenchantment and alienation

Question 27

mcdonaldization

Answer 27

-coined by George Ritzer
-the process by which the principles of the fast food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as the rest of the world
-

Question 28

formal rationalization in the digital age

Answer 28

• the internet allows fro an enormous degree of formal rationalization

Question 29

social order through social organization

Answer 29

-organizational structure promotes social order ( social cohesion and how the organizations and systems are held together)

Question 30

deviance

Answer 30

• behaviour that strays from what is “normal”
  -does not mean bad
  -it is different than the norm
  -category that changes with time, place, and culture
  -contested across culture
  -differs from culture to culture
• also contested within culture
  -a social or cultural contrust

Question 31

overt characteristics of deviance

Answer 31

actions or qualities taken as explicitly violating the cultural norm

Question 32

covert characteristics of deviance

Answer 32

unstated qualities that might make a group a target for sanctions
-ex. age, ethnic background, “race” and sexual orientation etc..

Question 33

conflict deviance

Answer 33

a disagreement among groups over whether something is deviant or not
-ex. marijuana

Question 34

social constructionism

Answer 34

proposes that certain elements of social life , such as deviance, are not natural and are created by a society or culture

Question 35

essentialism

Answer 35

argues that there is something natural, true, universal and therefor objectively determined about these characteristics

Question 36

stigma

Answer 36

human attribute that is seen to discredit an individuals social identity
1. Bodily stigmata: physical deformities
2. Moral stigmata: blemishes of individual character
3: Tribal stigmata: transmitted through group association

Question 37

The other/ othering

Answer 37

• image constructed by the dominant culture to characterize subcultures
• can be depicted as mysterious, mystical or mildly dangerous, ultimately cast as inferior
  -deviant behaviour , once associated with otherness, is often subject to negative sanctions or punishment

Question 38

moral panic

Answer 38

a campaign designed to arouse concern over an issue or group

Question 39

moral entrepreneur

Answer 39

a person who tries to convince others of the need to take action around a social problem that they have defined

Question 40

radicalizing deviance

Answer 40

-linking ethnic groups, especially visible minorities- with certain forms of deviance
- making ethnic background a covert characteristic of deviance
-treating these groups differently because of that connection
-ex. Muslims wearing a niqab are seen as deviant, their faces are covered

Question 41

race and deviance continued

Answer 41

-canada is multicultural
-still racialized minorities feel pressured to assimilate
-not assimilating can be viewed as deviant
-deviance is racialized through racial profiling
-visible characteristics used to predict illegal activity

Question 42

gender and deviance

Answer 42

in patriarchal society- male is normal and female is treated as other and seen as inherently deviant
-misogyny: means hating women
-patriarchal construct: social conditions that favour men/boys over girls/women

Question 43

class and deviance

Answer 43

to be poor is deviant
-poverty can be considered a covert characteristic of deviance
-ex. drug or alcohol use are considered deviant in poor people but less in those who are rich
-lower class is over represented in the stats on criminal convictions
- due to lack of social resources (lack of knowledge of law and legal sys, ability to pay for lawyer)
- poor schools are often located in racialized neighborhoods

Question 44

white collar crime

Answer 44

• a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his/her occupation
  -2 types- occupation and corporate crimes

Question 45

occupation crimes

Answer 45

benefit the individual at the expense of other individuals who work for the company
ex. sexual harassment

Question 46

corporate crimes

Answer 46

benefit the corporation and its executives at the expense of other companies and the general public

Question 47

sexual orientation and deviance

Answer 47

-homosexuality is socially constructed as deviant to varying degrees around the globe
-homosexuality is sanctioned in various ways - from informal(social scrutiny) to formal (law)

Question 48

disability and deviance

Answer 48

people with disabilities often suffer negative sanctions by society not accommodating differences in physical ability
- punished not by being singled out but by omission
-targeted because of their differnce

Question 49

criminal deviance

Answer 49

not all criminal behaviour is deviant
-criminology is the study of patterns in criminal behaviour to learn more about how crime can be predicted, prevented and sanctioned
3 theories of criminal deviance
1. strain theory
2. subcultural theory
3. labelling theory

Question 50

strain theory

Answer 50

-explains why some individuals choose to be criminally deviant
- the American dream: anyone has the opportunity to be successful regardless fi their background or circumstances as long as they work hard
-disconnect between culturally defined goals and the uneven distribution of means to achieve those goals
- those without the necessary resources to achieve culturally defined goals turn to criminal deviance

Question 51

subculture theory

Answer 51

individuals from lower class backgrounds experience status frustration
- failure to succeed in middle class institutions
- can become socialized into a delinquent subculture
-develops values in opposition to mainstream society

Question 52

labelling theory

Answer 52

-how subcultural beliefs, values, and practices become defined as deviant by mainstream society
- how labels become internalized by both majority and deviant group