Social and emotional development - prosocial/antisocial behaviour Flashcards
(50 cards)
reciprocity
If I help you, you help me
indirect reciprocity
If help you, someone else helps me
Warneken and Tomasello - Investigated whether 18 month old infants are helpful
- They presented infants with situations in which an experimenter needed help and measured how they responded.
- They gave them ten scenarios and wanted to examine their behaviour.
- e.g., will the child pick something up and give it back to the experimenter - they found that infants help in a range of situations like this
what things motivate us to be prosocial
- empathy
- sympathy
- guilt
how do infants demonstrate empathy?
Simner - found that infants cry when they hear another infant crying, more likely to cry if they hear a recording of someone crying than if they a hear a recording of themselves crying.
how does comforting others change over age?
Prosocial responding increased over the second year of life and became more diverse with age.
how do one year olds comfort others
more physical like hugging
on year and a half comforting
one and a half became more prosocial.
18-month infants were more likely to help researcher find their balloon if…
if they had previously observed someone be mean to her
in balloon study children were more likely to help when
More likely to help the person get their balloon who has previously had a bad day rather than not had a bad day.
when does guilt develop
around age three
when there’s a toy tower and the child breaks it who is mostly likely to help?
if the child breaks it at age two they are no more or less likely to help fix it since they do not feel guilt but at three they are more likely to help since they did break it and do feel guilt
when children are more prone to guilt in 5th year what traits do they show?
less likely to be arrested, convicted, and incarcerated in adolescence. They were more likely to practice safe sex, and they were less likely to abuse drugs. More likely to engage in prosocial behaviours.
scaffolding in development
a teaching technique that helps children learn new skills and concepts by providing support at the right time.
how might parents influence their children’s prosocial behaviour?
modeling of empathic and responsive behavior and through direct instruction or scaffolding, warm and sensitive responding to a childs needs
what language influences childrens prosocial behaviour
Parents use a variety of mental state terms about emotion or beliefs and desires. Parents vary in how much they use this language.
What does the use of emotional language predict in children?
helps children with mental helping tasks like bringing someone a toy if they are sad but not with goal directed tasks like holding the door for someone
Relational aggression
Behaviour that intentionally upsets another person. Criticising, ridiculing, telling tales, social excluding or calling names.
Children high in overt and relational aggression were low in what
prosocial behaviour.
children high in depression were more likely to be
high in aggression
Does aggression continue into later life
Aggression shows greater continuity over childhood and adolescence than any other facet of social development.
children who couldn’t regulate their emotions at age three
were more likely to be antisocial at age twelve and following these people further they struggled in adulthood, they also experienced negative reactions such as stress and anger more often
hostile attribution bias
children expect other people to be hostile and this primes them to act aggressively
what causes a child to have hostile attribution bias
occurs when children have bad experiences they then interpret experiences to be negative and this leads to increases in aggression.
