Social and emotional development - the self

Question 1

why is the self important?

Answer 1

To help us understand our bodies

To help understand peoples self-esteem

To help manage what others think about us in different aspects.

Question 2

what did piaget think about our early understanding of the self?

Answer 2

Stimulation of the senses allows children to come to distinguish their own bodies from the surrounding world and to (eventually) have a sense of agency.

Question 3

Can foetus learn in the womb?

Answer 3

While in the womb, the foetus can sense the physical world around them.

Question 4

what does it demonstrate when 2 month infants wiggle their foot to hit a mobile?

Answer 4

This is hypothesised to reflect infants’ developing understanding that their body is different from the external world. Infants start to realise that they can cause changes in the physical world by moving their bodies.

Question 5

how do babies demonstrate self agency at 8 months?

Answer 5

repeating actions - f they do something and it has an interesting effect they will keep doing this behaviour - this could be a sense of self agency - their body is separate from the external world

Question 6

how do infants demonstrate a early preference for social stimuli?

Answer 6

Johnson et al. (1991): Newborns prefer to track face-like stimuli than other stimuli

Question 7

still face paradigm

Answer 7

Parents stop reacting to their children and do a still face - Infants become upset if their behaviour stops having an effect on their interaction partner

Question 8

what is the rouge test?

Answer 8

be aware of yourself as an object that can be observed

They put a red dot on their head then get them to look into a mirror - do they know it is them in the mirror - the mark is on their head.

Question 9

when do babies start to notice the red dot in the rouge test?

Answer 9

At about 18 months they notice the red dot and realise it is on them before that they would look behind and think there is someone behind the mirror.

Question 10

BischofKohler (1991) found that only infants who pass the rouge test display what?

Answer 10

empathy

Question 11

infants who recognised themselves in the mirror were more likely to experience what?

Answer 11

embarrassment. Rather than the basic emotion of fear.

Question 12

when do infants start referring to the self?

Answer 12

At age two they will start to say that’s mine.

Question 13

when adults would tell children they like broccoli - and they had options to give crackers or broccoli - at what age would they give the item they liked and what does this display?

Answer 13

18 months old would give the one they liked.
infants understand that other people can have desires that are different from their own

Question 14

what is the categorical self?

Answer 14

• understanding you are from a group in society and a part of these categories
• age gender race

Question 15

an example of the categorical self we acknowledge in childhood

Answer 15

refer to themselves as ‘boys’ or ‘girls’.

Question 16

group confusion paradigm

Answer 16

we are more likely to confuse things from similar groups bus and tram rather than random things - strawberry and shoe

Question 17

when and how do children start to see themselves as part of a group

Answer 17

Children were shown cards with trait adjectives on and asked to rate the extent to which the traits applied to themselves, the ingroup, and the outgroup.

Later children were asked to remember for whom each trait had been rated.

Traits rated for the self were confused with traits rated for the ingroup more than with traits rated for the outgroup. this is true for ages 5 through to ten

Question 18

interdependent culturs

Answer 18

Interdependent cultures emphasise social connection, conformity and relations with others

Question 19

independent cultures

Answer 19

Independent cultures emphasise autonomy, individual decision making and personal distinctiveness

Question 20

how do children from interdependent cultures draw themselves

Answer 20

Children from interdependent cultures draw themselves small relative to other people. Children from an interdependent culture draw themselves standing closer to their peers.

Question 21

what ages are good at placing faces in a puzzle?

Answer 21

all ages

Question 22

by what age can infants start to put the pieces of the body in the puzzle?

Answer 22

By 27 months, children could complete the manikin puzzle but they struggled with the trunk and often got the arms and legs confused.

Question 23

when do children not differentiate between face and bodies

Answer 23

Between the ages of 3 and 4, children go through a tadpole stage in which they do not differentiate between heads and bodies.

Question 24

can children estimate their body size?

Answer 24

Children made more errors when trying to estimate their own body size than others.

by the age of 2 and a half they are doing so much better.

At all ages make at least one error.

Question 25

at 9 years old were children feeling social pressure towards their body?

Answer 25

Thompson et al (1997) surveyed 9-year-old children. Almost all of the children in the interview wanted to be slimmer than they were.

Question 26

what traits do chidlren associatie underweight people with?

Answer 26

children attribute positive attributes (friendly, sporty, tidy, honest, funny, happy, kind) more strongly to underweight individuals

Question 27

what do children associate with overweight people?

Answer 27

Children attribute negative charactertistics (silly, mean, rude, lazy, angry) to slightly overweight individuals

Question 28

There are positive correlation between children’s views of their own bodies

Answer 28

and parents views of their children’s bodies.

Question 29

children were more likely to develop a positive evaluation of their shape and attractiveness if their parents talked about their bodies in terms of ?

Answer 29

physical health rather than in terms of weight control.

Question 30

Children with low self-esteem tend to attribute positive and negative events to what?

Answer 30

positive --> external causes (test was easy) negative --> internal (im not clever)

Question 31

dweck identified what mindsets?

Answer 31

growth and fixed

Question 32

reputation management

Answer 32

do children act different when they are alone compared to when the are in public

Question 33

how was reputation management researched in children?

Answer 33

They asked 5-year-old children to play a game involving stickers. Sometimes the participant had the opportunity to help another child and sometimes the participant had the opportunity to steal from another child. What varied between conditions was whether another child was watching them or not.

Question 34

do children show reputation management?

Answer 34

Children were somewhat more likely to help when they were being watched. Children were more likely to steal when they were alone.

Question 35

Describe the development of the self

Answer 35

1. A foetus can sense the world around them 2. From 2mths infants can wiggle their foot to move mobile - understanding their body is separate to the external world. 3. Infants have a preference for social stimuli like faces 4. Still face paradigm shows infants become upset if their behaviour stops having an effect on their interaction partner 5. rouge Test - infants pass 15-18 months - showing self-awareness 6. start using self-aware language like that's mine at age two 7. 18 month olds understand people have different desires to their own

Question 36

self other confusion paradigm

Answer 36

Children were shown cards with trait adjectives on and asked to rate the extent to which the traits applied to themselves, the ingroup, and the outgroup. * Later children were asked to remember for whom each trait had been rated. * Traits rated for the self were confused with traits rated for the ingroup more than with traits rated for the outgroup.

Question 37

what can facilitate individuality?

Answer 37

praise

Question 38

How do interdependent and independent parenting styles differ?

Answer 38

inter = child in close proximity but never centra of attention inde = child spends lots of time alone but then when with caregiver, they are close to face and having conversations

Question 39

is how children understand the self universal

Answer 39

no - not culturally universal

Question 40

what body part are children good at organising and drawing?

Answer 40

faces

Question 41

Doll’s clothes task

Answer 41

children were offered small clothes and asked to put them on themselves

Question 42

Door choice task

Answer 42

mother encouraged children through a tiny door

Question 43

Replica toys

Answer 43

children were invited to play with a slide and then a tiny replica of a slide.

Question 44

are children good at body size estimations

Answer 44

- The number of errors children made decreased with age * All children at all ages made at least one error in body size representation * Even the oldest children in the sample struggled somewhat with body size estimations.

Question 45

Sociometer theory

Answer 45

suggests that self-esteem allows people to determine how successfully they are navigating their personal relationships. * Strong and stable self-esteem is associated with well-being.

Question 46

identified five domains of self- esteem

Answer 46

- Scholastic competence - Social acceptance - Athletic competence - Physical appearance - Behavioural conduct

Question 47

how should praise be used for growth mindset

Answer 47

effort - growth abilities - fixed