Speech production Flashcards
(24 cards)
Why is it easier to study language comprehension rather than speech production?
It is relatively easy to study language comprehension, because you can control and manipulate the language input and see how people process it
Stages of language production
- Meaning of what we want to express
- select the word we want to use
- Properties of the word ( speech or noun) , Form (the phonemes that make up that word) 4. then speech
Stage of language comprehension
- speech input
- phonemes (working out the sounds), candidates
- recognition
- meaning
How would parallel activation in speech production work
this questions whether there are multiple candidates within a stage? For example, there are lots of words that begin with SN if I want to say snow will they be activated?
In what ways can multiple candidates be activated?
Similar in meaning (e.g., trying to say “snow” but also activate “rain”)
Similar in form (e.g., trying to say “snow” but also activate “snack”)
When Ps had to say a word that was similar in meaning to bed (chair) and it was on top of an image of a bed, what were Ps reaction times?
When they have to say bed but the word chair is there - this slows people down. This suggests in word production words with similar meaning compete with each other.
When Ps had to say a word in similar form to bed (bell), what were Ps reaction times?
hen they have a similar form, people are faster to say the word they are meant to say. This suggests similar form helps you on the way to word production and make you faster in saying what you are intending to say.
What is a limitation of parallel activation studies in labs - like the chair bed one?
But in this exp, this is artificial, the words are being activated for the Ps, we don’t know if spontaneously these words are being activated.
What do speech errors demonstrate?
Different kinds of errors indicate that these parallel processes are happening and sometimes they go wrong
semantic error
- Intend to say one word, but accidentally say another word similar in meaning
- E.g., The dentist said I need new glasses - meant to say optician
suggests parallel activation of words similar in meaning
form error
- Intend to say one word, but accidentally say another word similar in form
- e.g., “I’ll go put the leftovers in the microscope”
- Parallel activation of words similar in form
mixed error
- Intend to say one word, but accidentally say another word similar in meaning AND form
- “I spent all night looking at rats on the internet.” - meant to say cats
what error is most common?
mixed errors
Is there parallel activation and interaction between speech production stages?
Parallel activation of words AND interaction between form and meaning stages
Activation of multiple candidates within a stage?
Yes, activate multiple words similar in form OR meaning and sometimes say the wrong one
Interaction between the stages of producing a word?
Yes, activate multiple words similar in form AND meaning and sometimes say the wrong one
Interaction between different words
Yes, multiple words are activated and interact, sometimes leading to mixups
When the speaker had to describe the animal bat, baseball bat and swan order to a listener, did they use non-ambiguous language to help the listener? (lexical ambiguity)
They made some effort to not confuse the listener - but they used the solo word 1/4 times
When the speaker had to describe the small animal bat, larger animal bat and swan order to a listener, did they use non-ambiguous language to help the listener?
they very rarely used the solo word to describe bat and were more likely to say more to discriminate between the two
Do speakers help listeners with ambiguity?
During production, speakers put in some effort to imagine the listener’s perspective and adapt what they say to avoid ambiguity but not all the time.
When the Confed speaker couldn’t see the same shelves as the listener and the listener had to move an object, when given ambiguous language, how did the listener respond?
- Listeners generally did resolve the ambiguity correctly
o Chose the item that the speaker was referring to from their perspective
Generally did listeners overcome their own perspective
yes
do speakers overcome ambiguity?
Somewhat, speakers use others perspectives, but we have a tendency to start from our own perspective then later we take into account what they mean.
for communication to be effective what must Ps establish?
common ground
