Social and Personality Development in Adolescence

Question 2

What is gender-role identity?

Answer 2

The gender-related aspects of the psychological self

Gender-role identity plays a significant role in shaping adolescents’ understanding of gender and sexuality.

Question 3

How do parental attitudes influence adolescents’ ideas about gender?

Answer 3

They become increasingly important in shaping teens’ ideas about gender and sex roles.

Question 4

What are the traditional categories of gender roles?

Answer 4

Masculine and feminine types.

Question 5

What characterizes androgynous individuals?

Answer 5

They see themselves as having both masculine and feminine traits.

Question 6

What is associated with higher self-esteem in adolescents?

Answer 6

Either an androgynous or a masculine gender-role identity.

Question 7

What societal bias affects the valuation of gender qualities?

Answer 7

A ‘masculine bias’ in Western societies.

Question 8

What is ethnic identity?

Answer 8

Self-identification as a member of a specific ethnic group and commitment to its values and attitudes.

Question 9

What challenges do minority teenagers face regarding identity?

Answer 9

They must create two identities: individual identity and ethnic identity.

Question 10

At what age do homosexual teenagers typically become aware of their same-sex attraction?

Answer 10

Around age 11 or 12.

Question 11

What is a clique?

Answer 11

Four to six young people who appear to be strongly attached to one another.

Question 12

What defines a crowd in adolescent social structures?

Answer 12

A combination of cliques, which includes both males and females.

Question 13

How do peer groups change during late adolescence?

Answer 13

Social groups become mixed in gender and dating pairs become more central.

Question 14

What influences adolescent self-esteem?

Answer 14

Themes such as self, relationships, school, lifestyle, achievements, and experiences.

Question 15

What is the correlation between self-esteem and developmental outcomes?

Answer 15

High self-esteem is correlated with positive developmental outcomes.

Question 16

What is the primary developmental task during Freud’s genital stage?

Answer 16

To channel the libido into a healthy sexual relationship.

Question 17

What is the identity crisis according to Erikson?

Answer 17

A psychological state of emotional turmoil when an adolescent’s sense of self becomes ‘unglued.’

Question 18

What are the two key parts of adolescent identity formation according to Marcia?

Answer 18

Crisis and commitment.

Question 19

What is identity achievement?

Answer 19

The status of a person who has been through a crisis and reached a commitment to goals.

Question 20

Define moratorium in Marcia’s theory.

Answer 20

The identity status of a person who is in a crisis but has made no commitment.

Question 21

What is foreclosure in terms of identity status?

Answer 21

Making a commitment without having gone through a crisis.

Question 22

What does identity diffusion refer to?

Answer 22

Not being in a crisis and making no commitment.

Question 23

What is adultification?

Answer 23

The process by which a child or adolescent prematurely takes on adult roles and responsibilities.

Question 24

How does self-concept change during adolescence?

Answer 24

Self-definitions become more abstract and differentiated.

Question 25

What is the average time teenagers spend interacting with peers daily?

Answer 25

2 hours talking and texting, and 45 minutes on social media.

Question 26

What characteristics become more valued in adolescent friendships?

Answer 26

Loyalty and faithfulness.

Question 27

What is Kohlberg's postconventional reasoning?

Answer 27

Judgments based on the emergence of a personal authority.

Question 28

What is the focus of Stage 5 in Kohlberg's moral reasoning?

Answer 28

Social contract orientation, where rules are seen as important but can be changed for the common good.

Question 29

What is the significance of moral reasoning in adolescence?

Answer 29

It impacts explanations of adolescent antisocial behavior.

Question 30

What are the three main levels of moral reasoning according to Kohlberg?

Answer 30

1. Preconventional 2. Conventional 3. Postconventional ## Footnote Each level has two sub-stages.

Question 31

What determines the stage or level of a person’s moral judgment?

Answer 31

The form of reasoning used to justify that choice.

Question 32

Who is the theorist that has had a significant impact on moral development theories?

Answer 32

Lawrence Kohlberg.

Question 33

What is the relationship between moral reasoning and cognitive development?

Answer 33

Advancement in moral reasoning is linked to cognitive development.

Question 34

What is necessary for children to develop or use conventional moral reasoning?

Answer 34

A firm grasp of concrete operational thinking.

Question 35

What type of reasoning is Stage 3 of Kohlberg's Conventional Reasoning?

Answer 35

Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity.

Question 36

What is Stage 4 of Kohlberg's Conventional Reasoning focused on?

Answer 36

Social system and conscience.

Question 37

True or False: Kohlberg’s approach to moral reasoning is considered universal.

Answer 37

False.

Question 38

What does Kohlberg believe is necessary for the development of moral reasoning?

Answer 38

Support from the social environment.

Question 39

What is the term for the ability to look at a situation from another person’s perspective?

Answer 39

Role-taking.

Question 40

What are the three multicultural identity configurations?

Answer 40

1. Identifying with only one cultural group 2. Multiple cultural identities separated into compartments 3. Cohesively connecting multiple cultural identities.

Question 41

How does ethnic identity change with age?

Answer 41

It tends to strengthen and progresses through phases.

Question 42

What characterizes adolescent-onset conduct disorder?

Answer 42

Problems are typically milder and more transient.

Question 43

What is the impact of parental monitoring on youth criminality?

Answer 43

It can prevent criminality even if friends engage in criminal behavior.

Question 44

What emotional attachment remains strong on average in teenagers?

Answer 44

Attachment to their parents.

Question 45

What are the criticisms of Kohlberg’s Theory regarding moral reasoning and behavior?

Answer 45

Theories do not predict differences between moral reasoning and moral behavior.

Question 46

What is empathy defined as in the context of moral development?

Answer 46

The ability to identify with others’ emotions.

Question 47

What is the focus of Canada’s Youth Criminal Justice Act?

Answer 47

Avoiding labeling youth as criminals and focusing on actions that can change.

Question 48

What are the two distinct moral orientations noted by Carol Gilligan?

Answer 48

1. Justice 2. Care.

Question 49

Fill in the blank: The decline of _______ matters most in moral reasoning.

Answer 49

egocentrism.