social categorisation, stereotyping and prejudice Flashcards
(17 cards)
What is the difference between personal and social identity?
Personal identity refers to individual traits (e.g., kind, introverted), while social identity is based on group memberships (e.g., nationality, profession).
What is categorisation in social psychology?
Categorisation is the mental process of grouping people or objects to simplify understanding of the world, based on prototypes.
What is a stereotype?
A stereotype is an oversimplified and widely shared belief about members of a social group.
Why do people categorise others according to Crisp & Turner (2014)?
To save cognitive energy, reduce uncertainty, predict social behaviour, and maintain self-esteem through in-group favoritism.
What is an illusory correlation?
A false association between two distinctive events, such as linking minority groups with negative behaviours (Hamilton & Sherman, 1996).
What is behavioural assimilation in the context of stereotypes?
When individuals unconsciously act in ways that match activated stereotypes (Bargh et al., 1996).
What is stereotype threat?
The fear of confirming negative stereotypes about one’s group, which can lead to underperformance (Steele & Aronson, 1995).
What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?
Prejudice is a strong negative attitude based on stereotypes, while discrimination is the unfair treatment of individuals based on group membership.
What is modern racism?
A subtle form of racism where prejudiced attitudes are hidden behind traditional values or fairness (Kinder & Sears, 1981).
What are ambivalent racism and sexism?
The coexistence of opposing attitudes, like pity and hostility toward the same group (e.g., Glick & Fiske, 1996).
What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
A theory suggesting frustration leads to aggression, which is displaced onto a scapegoat group (Dollard et al., 1939).
What is the authoritarian personality theory of prejudice?
It links prejudice to traits like submission to authority and a strict upbringing (Adorno et al., 1950).
What are criticisms of the authoritarian personality theory?
It relies on correlational and self-report data, ignores social context, and can’t establish causality (Pettigrew, 1958).
How does social learning theory explain prejudice?
Prejudices are learned from parents and the environment through modeling and conditioning (Barrett & Short, 1992).
What did Minard (1952) find about conformity and prejudice?
White miners changed their racist attitudes depending on social norms, showing conformity to group norms.
What does Social Identity Theory propose?
That people derive self-esteem from group memberships and show in-group bias, leading to prejudice (Tajfel, 1981).
What did Akrami et al. (2011) find about sexism?
Sexism is best explained by a combination of personality traits and social-psychological factors.
