social development 2

Question 1

morality

Answer 1

refers to the study of moral judgement, motivation and development, encompassing how individuals percieve right and wrong, make ethical decisions, and develop their mroal character

Question 2

what are some ways to look at morality

Answer 2

inherently social
functional

Question 3

Jones Model

Answer 3

1st step - identify moral problem
2nd step - moral reasoning
3rd step - moral intent (plan for behaviour)
and the last step is the moral behaviour, though this may be limited by the intention-behaviour gap

Question 4

moral intensity factors

Answer 4

magnitude of consequences
social consensus
probability of effect
temporal immediacy
proximity
concentration of effect

Question 5

moral development definition

Answer 5

change of thoughts, feeling, intentions, and behaviours in response to standards of right and wrong

Question 6

What stages make up Kohlbergs stages of moral development

Answer 6

1. pre-conventional level
2. conventional model
3. post-conventional model

Question 7

preconventional level

Answer 7

early to late childhood
-individual has no internalisation of moral value
-children worry about avoiding punishment by adults or those with more power
-motivated by self interest

Question 8

the preconventional level has two stages. what are these?

Answer 8

obedience and punishment orientation
indivisualism and exchange

Question 9

obedience and punishment orientation

Answer 9

behaviour is driven by avoiding punishment and obeying authority without question

Question 10

individualism and exchange

Answer 10

right behaviour means acting in one’s own best interests and recognizing that others also have their interests

Question 11

conventional level

Answer 11

this occurs during adolescence
individuals abide by certain standards, but they are the standards of others
They are concerned with meeting external social expectations

Question 12

what two stages make up the conventional level

Answer 12

stage 3: good interpersonal relationships
stage 4: maintaining social order

Question 13

good interpersonal relationships

Answer 13

good behaviour is about living up to social expectations

Question 14

maintaining social order

Answer 14

right behaviour involves fufilling ones duties, respecting authority, and mainting the social order

Question 15

postconventional level

Answer 15

late adolescence and onward, not everyone reaches this level
-morality is completely internalised
there is a concern for fidelity to self chosen moral principles
-universal ethical principles

Question 16

what two stages make up the postconventional level

Answer 16

stage 5: social contract and individual rights
stage 6: universal principles

Question 17

social contract and individual rights

Answer 17

moral behaviour is understood in terms of individual rights and standards that have been agreed upon by the whole society

Question 18

universal principles

Answer 18

morality is based on abstract reasoning using universal ethical principles laws are valid only insofar as they are grounded in justice

Question 19

criticisms of Kohlberg’s Theory

Answer 19

moral reasoning may not lead to moral behaviour
Kohlbergs early research was with only male aprticipants who were white and reliativelt privileged
emphasises justice over other moral values
Culturally biased

Question 20

list some factors that may affect moral development

Answer 20

education
neural and cognitive development
social media
cultural norms
peers and family
identity development

Question 21

how are neural correlates associated with moral decision making?

Answer 21

activation in the elft middle temporal, cingulate, and medial frontal gyrus, as well as the left/right middle temporal gyrus and the right precuneus is associated with moral decision making
These regions are involved in self referential processing, attention, working memory, emotion recognition and empathetic arousal

Question 22

define antisocial behaviour

Answer 22

antisocial behaviour can be characterized by being verbally and physically harmful to other people, violating social expectations, engaging in behaviours, such as delinquency, vandalism, theft, and truancy, or having disturbed interpersonal relationships… antisocial behaviour among young people is very heterogeneous

Question 23

development of antisocial behaviour

Answer 23

children who experience abuse and maltreatment are at risk of becoming violent offenders and having an antiosical personalitty

Question 24

MAOA - nature argument of antisocial behaviour

Answer 24

low activity variant of the MAOA gene is associated with increased aggression and some researchers have linked it to psycopathy
excess neurotransmitters lead to an increased propensity toward aggression

Question 25

do interactions between MAOA and maltreatment in childhood predict later antisocial behaviour

Answer 25

yes, when the genetic predisposition is combined with maltreatment in childhood does it result in antisocial behaviour as an adult -environment can protect against genetic predisposition

Question 26

other protective factors of antisocial behaviour

Answer 26

religiosity peers

Question 27

delinquency definition

Answer 27

according to acts prohibited by criminal law, such as theft, burglary, robbery, violence, vandalism and drug use

Question 28

why is adolescent deliquency matter

Answer 28

-links to wider psychosocial development and outcomes in adulthood -deliquent behaviour in childhood predicts outcomes for partner violence, risky sexual behaviour, and depression at age 19 for both males and females

Question 29

list some risk factors of deliquency and conduct disorder

Answer 29

-child abuse -parental conflict -parenting -community area -peer influences -impulsiveness -low IQ -low educational acheivement