social influence Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
What was the results? (Moscovici)`
A
”
In condition 1 it was found that the consistency of the minority had effected the majority (8.42%) compared to an inconsistent minority (only 1.25% said green). A third (32%) of all participants judged the slide to be green at least once. In the control group, only 0.25% were affected.
”
2
Q
What was Moscivici’s Aim?
A
”
To investigate the effect of consistent minority influence.
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3
Q
What was Moscivici’s procedure?
A
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Conducted a replication of Asch’s experiment. Instead of one subject among multiple confederates, he placed two confederates together with four genuine p/pants.
Placed in groups of four p/pants and two confederates. They were shown 36 slides of clearly different shades of blue and asked to state which colour it was out loud.
In the first variation of the experiment, the confederates answered green for each of the 36 slides.
In the second variation of the experiment, they answered green 24 times and blue 12 times.
”
4
Q
What is a support for this theory? (Moscovici)
A
”
Support - Laboratory study has high reliability.
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5
Q
What are criticisms for this theory? (Moscovici)
A
”
Criticism - Did not have ecological or construct validity.
Criticism - Moscovici used female students as p/pants so cannot be generalized to men (gynocentric) or to a wider range of lifestyles.
”
6
Q
How can the minority influence (3)? + Wood
A
”
Consistency - Through being consistent in expressing your their views the minority then can cause others to reconsider their viewpoint.
Commitment - By demonstrating that you are committed to a viewpoint and willing to make sacrifices for it.
Flexibility - Having the ability to seem more reasonable in your ideas and change your ideas slightly.
Wood et al (1994) carried out a meta- analysis of 100 studies and found that the most important factor was consistency.
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7
Q
How do acts of terrorism influence people?
A
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Commitment - Kruglanski (2003) Such acts often lead to a loss of life of the perpetrators at some point in the future so they are likely to reconsider.
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8
Q
How do Activist cause change?
A
”
Consistency - Through giving consistent messages and demonstrating their principles.
Flexibility - By showing their willingness to debate and discuss their beliefs and responsibilities showing they are reasonable people.
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9
Q
What is a research support for consistency?
A
”
Research Support for Consistency - There is research that supports the importance of consistency. Wood et al (1994) carried out a meta-analysis of almost 100 similar studies and found that those who were most consistent were the most influential. This suggests that consistency is a major factor in minority influence.
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10
Q
What is the research into depth of thought?
A
”
Research for Depth of Thought - Martin et al (2003)gave p/pants a message supporting a particular belief and measured their support. One p/pant group heard a minority group agree with the initial view while another group heard it from a majority. P/pants were then exposed to the conflicting view. They found that people were less willing to change their view after listening to the minority group. Therefore the minority group’s ideas must have gone deeper.
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11
Q
What is the research support for internalisation? (Moscovici)
A
”
Research Support for Internalisation - In a variation of Moscovici’s study p/pants wrote their answers down. Surprisingly, the private agreement with the minority was greater in these circumstances. It seems that the majority’s views were being changed however they did not want to publicly admit this.
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12
Q
What is a criticism for atrificial tasks? (Moscovici)
A
”
Artificial Task - The tasks given were trivial and would not occur in an every-day scenario. So Moscovici et al’s study lacks external validity and is limited at telling us what can truly happen in real life.
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13
Q
What is a criticism of RWL? (minority influence)
A
”
Limited Real-world Applications - Research often makes it clear who is the majority and who is the minority however this is more complicated in the real world. There are more than just numbers affecting their influence.
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14
Q
What is delayed influence?
A
”
Delayed Influence - Nemeth (1986) Minority influence generally takes a lot longer to take effect than majority influence.
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15
Q
What is the deeper processing criticism?
A
”
Deeper Processing - Moscovici’s study suggested that minority and majority influences use different cognitive processes. He thought that minority influence acts through ‘deeper processing’. However Mackie (1987) disagreed and presented evidence that majority influence uses deeper preocessing. We like others to share the same views as our own, which leads us to question ourselves when the majority does not agree. Here the central part of minority influence is challenged.
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16
Q
What is the indirectictly effective criticism?
A
”
Minority Influence is Indirectly Effective - Minority influence tends to be indirect and delayed. The majority is only influenced by the issues at hand - not the central issues that may end up with future consiquences occuring.
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17
Q
What are the methodological errors?
A
”
Methodological Issues - All studies on social change draw from Moscovici, Asch and Milgram. All of these study’s methodology is questionable and therefore the there can be doubts about the validity.
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18
Q
What is a disposition?
A
”
The personality of a person
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19
Q
What is a personality?
A
”
The outward traits of a person
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20
Q
What was Adorno et al’s (1950) aim?
A
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To understand the antisemitism of the Haulocaust but came to vey different conclusions to Milgram - that a high level of obedience was a psychological disposition. He argued that some of our personality traits are predisposed to some individuals and are more likely to be sensative to totalitarian and antidemocratic ideas and therefore are highly prejudiced.
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21
Q
What was Adorno’s procedure?
A
”
2000 middle-class, white American took part in the study looking at their unconcious attitudes towards other racial groups. Several scales were developed for this, one being the F-scale that looked at facisim and is still used to test for authoritarian personalities.
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22
Q
What were Adorno’s Findings?
A
”
People who were considered stonger in this study were generally contemptuous of the weak and highly aware of other people’s statuses. Adrono also concluded that people with authoritarian personalities are more likely to group people as ‘us’ and ‘them’. They would also see their own group as superior.
Authoritarian Personaities:
- Hostile to those of inferior status, obedient to those of high status
- Rigid opinions and beliefs
- Conventional, traditional values
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23
Q
What is some real life evidence for these findings? (Adorno)
A
”
Evidence given for this include case studies of the Naxis, Psychometric testing (F-scale) and Clinical interviews, all ofwhich revealed situational aspects of their childhood. For example a child with strict parents would be higher up on the F scale.
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24
Q
What facistic trates did Adorno think these people were more likely to develop?
A
”
- Obsession with rank and status
- Ethnocentrism
- Preocupation for power
- Respect for authority figures
“
25
## Footnote
**What is a support given by Milgram and Elms (1966)?**
"
Milgram & Elms (1966) conducted interveiws with those who gave the highest shock and assessed them using the F-scale. THis reaesrch showed that there is a correlation between those who delvered 450V and those high on the F-scale. (However this is a correlation study so cannot state cause and effect).
"
26
## Footnote
**What did Hyman and Sheatsley(1954) find?**
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Hyman and Sheatsley (1954) found that a lower education level could be an explanation for this.
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27
## Footnote
**What is the problem with this explanation? (Adorno)**
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It is a limited explanation, most people will not fill in the full criteria needed for the test.
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28
## Footnote
**What is the bias this theory has? (Adorno)**
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Political Bias is present as the F-scale leans towards those who are Right-wing Christie and Johoda (1954) pointed out that left-wing criticisms can be just as damaging and lead to the same results.
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29
## Footnote
**What are the methodological errors? (Adorno)**
"
Methodolofical errors investigated Greenstien (1969) pointed out that there were numerous probelems with the F- scale as all the questions pointed in the same direction and those who just tick all the same boxes may just be 'aquiescers'. The scale only looks for agreement. The researchers also already knew when interveiwing about their childhoods, who had an authoritarian personality. So it was possible for them to bend the p/pants account.
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30
## Footnote
**How could this be correlation not causation? (Adorno)**
"
Correlation does not mean causation. When they found that those with authoritarian personalities tended towards prejudice against a minority this did not allow for them to say that the personality causes the prejudice.
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31
## Footnote
**What did Kitterman (1988) say?**
"
There were hundreds of cases of German soldiers saying no to killing civilians.
Why do some obey orders that others would not follow? There must be something other than a situational explanation.
"
32
## Footnote
**What are the dispositional reasons for obedience?**
"
* Agentic State
* Legitimacy of Authority
* Authoritarian Personality
* Situational Variables (proximity, location & uniform ect.)
"
33
## Footnote
**What are some dispositional reasons for disobedience?**
"
* Social Support
* Locus of control
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34
## Footnote
**What are ways to increase minority influence?**
"
* Consistency
* Commitment
* Flexibility
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35
## Footnote
**What is the def for comformity?**
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When an individual behaves in such a way as to fit in with others around them.
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36
## Footnote
**What is the def for independance?**
"
To act purely based upon your own will.
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37
## Footnote
**What is the def for compliance?**
"
When a person carries out actions to “fit in” with the rest of the group but does not take on the views of the group. When away from the group they will act as tan individual.
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38
## Footnote
**What is the def for internalisation?**
"
When a person changes how they think to be the same as the rest as the group’s. When away from the group they would still act based upon what the group thinks is right.
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39
## Footnote
**What is the def for Identification?**
"
When we choose to act in the same way as the rest of the group as there is something about that group we value.
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40
## Footnote
**What is the def for disobedience?**
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When people deliberately refuse or fail to carry out instructions.
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41
## Footnote
**What is the def for agentic state?**
"
When you carry out someone else instruction you to do so you take no blame for your actions.
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42
## Footnote
**How did Asch's study show SS?**
"
Asch (conforming) - The pressure to conform was shown by Asch as, when given the chance, people will frequently dissent if another person is. It doesn't matter if they are correct the act of dissenting is enough.
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43
## Footnote
**How did Milgram demonstrate SS?**
"
Milgram (obedience) - He demonstrates that once people have social support for defiance they are more likely to resist orders that they disagreed with. Rates of obedience dropped from 65% to 10%.
"
44
## Footnote
**How does Allen and Levine Support this?**
"
Allen & Levine (1971) - Replicated Asch's study and found that the presence of 1 dissenter decresed conformity significantly. This provides inter-rater reliability.
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45
## Footnote
**How does Gamson et al (1982) support this?**
"
Gamson et al (1982) - Found that higher obedience rates than the ones found by Milgram when they gave employees (p/pants) the task of disproving an oil companies effect on the environment. When a stooge resisted most would speak up, but if nobody questioned the compsny/boss they continued. This again provides inter-rater reliability.
"
46
## Footnote
**What does Rotter (1966) say about LOC?**
"
Rotter (1966 ) suggests that we have 2 types of personalities, an internal or and external locus of control. This effects how you interpret events in your life and are not on a scale.
Allows us to understand why some conform while others obey.
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47
## Footnote
**What is an internal Locus of Control?**
"
Those with an internal locus of control, if they are unhappy with the situation they are in, are likely to have the power to change it. They are more likely to be giving the orders or be more vocal in refuting them. Those with an internal locus of control with take responsibility for their actions, look for answers when unsure and challenge an authority when they feel something is wrong.
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48
## Footnote
**What is an external Locus of Control?**
"
For those who have an external locus of control they are the ones who are most likely to accept the situation they are in. They accept that most things are beyond their control and will not challenge an authority figure. It is common that they will not take responsibility for their actions.
"
49
## Footnote
**How does Holland support this?**
"
Holland (1967) - Replicated Milgram's study and found that external's were more likely to comply (37%) with the orders while those with an internal locus of control only complied 23% of the time.
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50
## Footnote
**How does Twenge et al (2004) criticise this?**
"
Twenge et al (2004) - Over 40 years found that as a society were are turning into a more external society. Therefore as a society we would seem to have become more obedient - however we are not seeing this in our day to day life therefore an internal locus of control cannot have a direct link with resistance.
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51
## Footnote
**How did Rotter (1982) say about this later on?**
"
Rotter (1982)- He admitted that LOC tends to be most prevalent in new situations . We are much more likely to work from our own schema to determine how to act in different situations.
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52
## Footnote
**Social support variaiton?**
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Two 'teacher' where one was a confederate and the other was a p/pant. The confederate provided social support. Seeing others not take orders reduced obedience to 10%
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53
**Uniform** **variation?**
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The experimenter would get an urgent phone call leaving a random person to oversee the experiment (stooge) who was not wearing the grey lab coat or 'uniform associated wiht that authority figure. With the Authority not on hand many cheated or missed shocks. Obedience fell to 20%
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54
## Footnote
**What percentages were shown on the graph?**
65, 47.5, 40, 30, 20.5, 20
baseline, office, same room, forcing hand, phone, public
55
## Footnote
**What is the Research Support?**
"
**Research Support** -In a feild experiment in New York, Bickman (1974) had three confederated dress in three different outfits - suit, milkman and officer. They then asked passers by to performed tasks such as litter picking or giving money for the parking meter. People were far more likely to obey the secuirity guard. This supports Milgram's theory that uniform = authority.
"
56
## Footnote
**What are the Cross Cultural Replications?**
"
**Cross-Cultural Replications-** Milgram's findings have been replicated successfully in other cultures. Miranda et al (1981) found 90% obedience rates among spanish students and this shows that the results are not restricted to Americans or to women(carried out in other studies).
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57
## Footnote
**How can Control variables support this study?**
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**Control Variables** - Systematically altered one variable at a time to see the effect on obedience. All the other variables were kept the same.
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58
## Footnote
**What is the Lack of Internal Validity?**
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Lack of Internal Validity - Orne and Holland critisised Milgram's original study and said that many of the participants worked out that the situation was fake. Milgram agreed that this was possible.
"
59
## Footnote
**What is the Obedience Alibi?**
"
'Obedience Alibi' - The study supports the situational findings of obedience. David Mandel criticised this conclusion and argued it offers and alabi for evil behaviour. He used secondary sources from a Polish Battalion to show criticisms of Milgram. Mandel stated it is offensive to suggest that the Nazis wer simply obeying orders.
Mandel's Research:
* Proximity to victim - when clode to the victims they still chose to execute.
* Proximity to athority- The senior officers gave orders and then went to a dinner party. Those orders were still carried out.
* Proximity to Allies - It was thought that by seeing social support when other soldiers declined to carry out orders would make other soldiers diobey. However this did not happen.
* Increasing teacher Discretion - When they were not supervised they had the chance to let some people escape but they did not.
Therefore dipositional factors must play a role.
"
60
## Footnote
**What is an autonomous state?**
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When you act independently of your own, with your own free will and taking on the responsibility for your own actions.
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61
## Footnote
**What is agentic state?**
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When you carry out someone else's instruction you to do so you take no blame for your actions.
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62
## Footnote
**What are Social Psychological Factors?**
"
Social Psychological Factors - factors from the surrounding environment that effect the way we act.
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63
## Footnote
**What is an authority figure and how does this effect the obedience?**
"
Milgram (1963) - When someone is percieved to be an authority figure or have a greater level of power due to social heirachy that leads those who to take orders from them to absolve themselves of their own responsibility.
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64
## Footnote
**What binding factors did Milgram suggest?**
"
He also suggested we remain in this state beacuse of 'blinding factors' :
* **Sequential Nature of Action -** Stating that previous actions had been wrong would be disobedience of the authority figure.
* **Situational Obligation** - Commitment means they must follow throught to the end.
* **Anxiety** - When thinking of disobeying you feel anxious,so you avoid this thought.
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65
## Footnote
**What is legitimacy of authority?**
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Society is structured heirachically and most have some authortiy above them (eg. gov / king)
Most accept this structure as it allows society to function smoothly.
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66
## Footnote
**What are the consequences of Legitimacy of Authority?**
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Consequences of LOA are when people are given power to give punishments. So when we put ourselves under an authority we expext them to use their power appropriatly. This can lead to people carrying out actions that they believe are legitimate, but may have terrible results. (exm. Stalin, Hitler, Pol Pot)
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67
## Footnote
**What is a research support?**
"
Blass and Schmitt (2001) showed students milgram's study and asked who was reponsible for these actions. The students blamed the experimenter rather than the teacher. Here they reognised a legitimate authority.
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68
## Footnote
**How are cultural differences supported by this?**
"
This is a strength. The levels of obedience in a population can change depending on the country. Kliham and Mann (1974) replicated Milgram's study in Australia and found that on; 16% went to 450V while in germany, Matell(1971) found 85% went all the way. Cross- cultural research increases the validity of this explanation.
"
69
## Footnote
**How do real life crimes of obedience support this?**
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Supports an explanation for real-life war crimes. Kellman and Hamilton (1989) proposed that the events of the My Lai Massacre were due to the heirachical system of the US army.
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70
## Footnote
**How is this a limited explanation?**
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Agentic shift does not explain many of the research findings. It doesnt not explain why people do not obey and also does not explain Hofling et al's (1966) study. So can only account for some forms of obedience.
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71
## Footnote
**How does the Mandell 'Obedience Alibi' criticise this?**
"
Other evidence shows that the actions of the Nazi's were not due to Agentic State or their Authority figure. For example Mandell (1998) looked at the GRPB 101 who shot civilians in a Polish town despite not having specific orders to do so (were given the option of labour).
Proxitmity to victim - when in close proximity to the victims they still chose to execute them.
Proximity to Authority - The seniors officers gave orders on one occasion then left for a dinner party - the officers still carried out the orders.
Presence of Allies - Some decides they did not want to take part in the acrions of the Nazi regime however this did not lead to an increase in people choosing to disobey.
Increasing Teacher Disctretion - They were not supervised at all times and had the chance to let people escape and yet they did not.
Concluded that dispositional factors (personality) must play a role.
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72
## Footnote
**What prods did the experimenter use?**
"
1. Please continue
1. The experiment requires you to continue
1. It is absolutely essential that you continue
1. The experiment requires that you continue
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73
## Footnote
**What did Milgram conclude from these results?**
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You don't have to be a psychopath to obey immoral orders.
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74
## Footnote
**How did Milgram explain these high obedience rates?**
"
* Yale is prestigious setting so convinced that everything they do is ethical
* The stooge seemed willing and there was an equal chance of either person ending up in the chair
* Being paid gave them a sense of obligation
* New situation that they did not know was inapproriate
"
75
## Footnote
**What were the two behavioural states Milgram said people can show in social situations?**
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1. **Autonomous State** - people direct their own actions, and they take responsibility for the result of those actions.
1. **Agentic State** - people allow others to direct their actions then remove themselves from the responsibility of the actions they have carried out.
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76
## Footnote
**What is a support for Milgram?**
"
Support is found where Milgram has good external validity. Despite being a lab study the relationship between the experimenter and the p/pant which Milgram believed acurately reflected real-life authority relationships. There are aslo research supports for this arguement provided by Hoffling et al (1966) who looked at nurses on a hospital. This study demonstrates how Milgram's research can be generalised to rea-life situations therefore has a valid point for validation.
"
77
## Footnote
**Jeu de la Mort**
"
Jeu de la mort - french TV show that had participants do milgram's study in front of a studio audience for money (unknowingly) 80% delived highest voltage shock.
"
78
## Footnote
**How is there an alternative explanation to Milgram's study?**
"
According to social identity theory the centre point of obedience revolves around the need to have group identification. In Milgram's study the p/pants identified with the experimenter whereas a fall in obedience level occured when they no longer identitfied themselves with the experimenter. Hasalm and Reicher(2012) analysed this study and foudn that the first three prods were to do with the research not the act of obeying. Therefore Milgrams' finding's validity is called into question as the study may not be directly targetting obedience.
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79
## Footnote
**Artificial task?**
"
Thsi study was done in a laboratoty setting and therefore does not constrain to the standard epextations of real life.Despire Milgram believing the authority relationships were a true representation, the administration of shocks is not an every-day occurence. Therefore this study is limited by the artificail situation.
"
80
## Footnote
**How is there low internal validity?**
"
Orne and Holland (1968) arguend that p/pants worked out that the shocks were nto real in the experiment which would have instead lead to demand characteristics or data that was not a direct reflection of obedience. Therefoore this lacks internal validity. Perry (2013) did research that confirms this after listening to tapes of the experiment in which p/pants expressed doubt about the shocks. However other research can contrast this point by Sheridan and King (1972) who found that p/pants still gave shocks when they were real to a puppy. Therefore this is a weakness of Milgram's study but it may also nto be a valid criticism to draw.
"
81
## Footnote
**How does this study lack generalisability?**
"
This study has an androcentric sample of Americans and therefore suffers from biased results that may not be generalisable to women or other cultures, limiting the applicability of Milgram's research.
"
82
## Footnote
**What are the ethical issues in Milgram's study?**
"
* Deception - believed they were shocking a real person and may lead to trauma.
* Protection of p/pants - exposed to extreme stress that could have had damaging effects such as psychological harm.
- however he did debrief
* Right to withdrawal - The right to withdraw was made difficult. It is possile 35% would have left had the 4 commands not been in place.
"
83
## Footnote
**What was the aim? (Hofling)**
"
To measure the rate of obediance in nurses when given orders by doctors.
"
84
## Footnote
**What method was used? (Hofling)**
"
* Nurses were not aware study was taking place to remove bias
* 22 night nurses were selected
* A 'Dr Smith' phones the nurses on duty
* Called and asked to find the drug Astroten
* Asked to admister 20mg to a patient (overdose) without authoristion
"
85
## Footnote
**When were the phone calls terminated? (Hofling)**
"
The phone calls were terminated if:
* They obeyed
* They resisted
* Went to get advice
* No medication found
* Longer than 10 minutes
"
86
## Footnote
**How was this made safe? (Hofling)**
"
* ALL pills were placebos
"
87
## Footnote
**What were the broken rules in this study? (Hofling)**
"
* (seperately) 22 nurses and 12 undergrad nusres filled out a form on similar events
1. No instructions over the phone
1. Overdosing a patient
1. The medicine is unauthorised
"
88
## Footnote
**What was the control variable? (Hofling)**
"
A control group was monitored in another hospital
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89
## Footnote
**What were the findings? (Hofling)**
"
* 95% obeyed the orders
* 1 questioned the doctors identity
* 11 were aware they were administering an overdose
* 10 did not notice it was the wrong amount
* 31/30 in control said they would not have followed those orders
"
90
## Footnote
**What did Hofling conclude?**
"
* People are unable to question authority
* social pressure and an imbalance in power can have serious consiquences
* Education = confidence + more likely to question authority.
"
91
***What were the strengths? (Hofling)***
"
* Ecological - real world
* No biases
* Reliability
* Variable of lifestyle matched closely
"
92
***What were the weaknesses? (Hofling)***
"
* Broke the 'ethical guidlines' for deception
* Control group larger than test group
* Could NOT be replicated with a familar drug.
"
93
**Why did Milgram carry out these variations?**
Milgram (1963) carried out these experiments in order to look at the situational variables and how they effect obedience.
94
**Location variation?**
Ran the experiment in offices rather than in Yale. Obedience dropped to 47.5%
95
**Proximity variation?**
The participants could see the stooge and had to force down their hand when they disobeyed. Obedience fell to 30%
96
What is diachronic consistency?
The repetition of the same message over time
97
how does social cryptoamnesia also link to minority influence?
This does not allow the minority to take credit for changing their belief.
98
appply the snowball effect to minority influence?
as there is a larger number of people converted this spirals the amount that will convert in the future
99
**What was the aim of Milgram's study?**
To find if naive participants would obey orders from an authority that went against their values, much like the soldiers under Hitler's command.
To see if they would deliver an electric shock to a confederate sufficiently powerful enough to kill someone.
Create baseline data for future variations.
100
**What is the method of Milgram's study?**
* Through volunteer sampling /milgram found 40 p/pants who were all men aged between 20-50 years. He did this by posting newspaper ads and paying each volunteer $4.50 to help with a 'study of memory'.
* Milgram set up a closed environment to carry out a structured observation.
* Watched everything through a one way mirror.
* The 'Experimenter' was a man simply wearing a white lab coat.
* A stooge was employed as a man in his 40's.
* The stooge was strapped into an electric chair (the p/pants watch) after a coin toss
* They then gave a 45V shock to prove the EC was real to the p/pant
* The stooge learned a list of word pairs. The teacher (p/pant) would read a word into the microphone followed by four options. The stooge would then press a button to answer. If wrong the 'Experimenter' would tell the p/pant to administer a shock (went up by 15 V each time).
* Answers were pre set and the audio of the pain pre-recorded. At 300V the stooge banged on the wall and gave no answer. The 'Experimenter' states no answer is the wrong answer and to deliver the shock.
* 4 'Prods' were set up . If all were said by the techer the experiment would stop.
100
**What is the method of Milgram's study?**
* Through volunteer sampling /milgram found 40 p/pants who were all men aged between 20-50 years. He did this by posting newspaper ads and paying each volunteer $4.50 to help with a 'study of memory'.
* Milgram set up a closed environment to carry out a structured observation.
* Watched everything through a one way mirror.
* The 'Experimenter' was a man simply wearing a white lab coat.
* A stooge was employed as a man in his 40's.
* The stooge was strapped into an electric chair (the p/pants watch) after a coin toss
* They then gave a 45V shock to prove the EC was real to the p/pant
* The stooge learned a list of word pairs. The teacher (p/pant) would read a word into the microphone followed by four options. The stooge would then press a button to answer. If wrong the 'Experimenter' would tell the p/pant to administer a shock (went up by 15 V each time).
* Answers were pre set and the audio of the pain pre-recorded. At 300V the stooge banged on the wall and gave no answer. The 'Experimenter' states no answer is the wrong answer and to deliver the shock.
* 4 'Prods' were set up . If all were said by the techer the experiment would stop.
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**What prods did the experimenter use (Milgram)?**
1. Please continue
2. The experiment requires you to continue
3. It is absolutely essential that you continue
1. The experiment requires that you continue
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**What were the findings?**
P/pants were obediant up to 300V. Between 300V and 375V 14 participants dropped out.
The remaining 26 (65% ) carried on until 450V.
Milgram also collected qualitative data as well as quantative. (sweating, trembling, stuttering) 14 laughed nervously.
103
**What did Milgram conclude from these results?**
You don't have to be a psychopath to obey immoral orders.
104
**How did Milgram explain these high obedience rates?**
* Yale is prestigious setting so convinced that everything they do is ethical
* The stooge seemed willing and there was an equal chance of either person ending up in the chair
* Being paid gave them a sense of obligation
* New situation that they did not know was inapproriate
105
**What were the two behavioural states Milgram said people can show in social situations?**
1. **Autonomous State** - people direct their own actions, and they take responsibility for the result of those actions.
1. **Agentic State** - people allow others to direct their actions then remove themselves from the responsibility of the actions they have carried out.
105
**What were the two behavioural states Milgram said people can show in social situations?**
1. **Autonomous State** - people direct their own actions, and they take responsibility for the result of those actions.
1. **Agentic State** - people allow others to direct their actions then remove themselves from the responsibility of the actions they have carried out.
106
**What is a support for Milgram?**
Support is found where Milgram has good external validity. Despite being a lab study the relationship between the experimenter and the p/pant which Milgram believed acurately reflected real-life authority relationships. There are aslo research supports for this arguement provided by Hoffling et al (1966) who looked at nurses on a hospital. This study demonstrates how Milgram's research can be generalised to rea-life situations therefore has a valid point for validation.
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**Jeu de la Mort**
Jeu de la mort - french TV show that had participants do milgram's study in front of a studio audience for money (unknowingly) 80% delived highest voltage shock.
108
**How is there an alternative explanation to Milgram's study?**
According to social identity theory the centre point of obedience revolves around the need to have group identification. In Milgram's study the p/pants identified with the experimenter whereas a fall in obedience level occured when they no longer identitfied themselves with the experimenter. Hasalm and Reicher(2012) analysed this study and foudn that the first three prods were to do with the research not the act of obeying. Therefore Milgrams' finding's validity is called into question as the study may not be directly targetting obedience.
109
**Artificial task?**
Thsi study was done in a laboratoty setting and therefore does not constrain to the standard epextations of real life.Despire Milgram believing the authority relationships were a true representation, the administration of shocks is not an every-day occurence. Therefore this study is limited by the artificail situation.
110
**How is there low internal validity?**
Orne and Holland (1968) arguend that p/pants worked out that the shocks were nto real in the experiment which would have instead lead to demand characteristics or data that was not a direct reflection of obedience. Therefoore this lacks internal validity. Perry (2013) did research that confirms this after listening to tapes of the experiment in which p/pants expressed doubt about the shocks. However other research can contrast this point by Sheridan and King (1972) who found that p/pants still gave shocks when they were real to a puppy. Therefore this is a weakness of Milgram's study but it may also nto be a valid criticism to draw.
111
**How does this study lack generalisability?**
This study has an androcentric sample of Americans and therefore suffers from biased results that may not be generalisable to women or other cultures, limiting the applicability of Milgram's research.
112
**What are the ethical issues in Milgram's study?**
Deception - believed they were shocking a real person and may lead to trauma.
Protection of p/pants - exposed to extreme stress that could have had damaging effects such as psychological harm.
* - however he did debrief
Right to withdrawal - The right to withdraw was made difficult. It is possile 35% would have left had the 4 commands not been in place.
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What is agentic shift?
**The switch between the autonomous and agentic state that occurs when we perceive someone to be a legitimate source of authority and allow them to control our behaviour**.
