attachment Flashcards

Question

## Footnote **Draw out application diagram of operant conditioning?**

Answer 1

" 1. Baby wants the comfort of their dummie and therefore decides to cry in order to recieve it. 1. Care giver will then come to the child's aid and attempt to fullfill whatever they need so they will stop crying ( in this case the dummie) which the baby will experience as a reward for its crying that will go on to reinforce thier actions. 1. Parents will begin to become the secondary reinforcer in the relationship between themselves and their child and so when the parent is present the child will be experiencing this form of reward. 1. This will increase the connection between caregiver and the child as it is rewarding for each of them to be around each other ( The baby wont cry for the parent and does social releasers/ the baby gets to have its needs met) "

Answer 2

" Carried out experiments on dogs and realised that the saliva would appeare spontaniously when food was present (he called this a salivation response. However over time the dogs began to anticipate the food and salivate before. After this happened he introduced a barrier and after that added the sound of the metranome to the time when it would be fed so that over time the dog would begin to salavate at the sound even if meat wasn't present (the conditioned reflex). "

Answer 3

" By presenting an **unconditioned stimulus** with a **neutral stimulus**, ou can condition someone to give an **unconditioned response** to both **stimulus** because the **association** has been formed. The **neutral** **stimulus** has now become a **conditioned stimulus**. "

Answer 4

" Food = **Unconditoned Stimulus** → Baby Feels Pleasure = **Unconditioned Response** Mother = **Neutral Stimulus****→**Food =**Unconditioned Stimulus** → Baby = **Unconditioned Response** Mother = **C****onditioned Stimulus as Assosiation Forms** → Baby = **Conditoned Response** "

Answer 5

" ***We Can See it Happening*** - As with all behaviourist theories it is easy to observe the babies as they form this attachment which the learning theory has suggested. Therefore this makes it highly reliable as it is easy for other's to replicate and verify with simple empirical measures being effortless to observe. "

Answer 6

" ***Pavlov's Dogs*** - This study found this initial link between assosiations being formed when a neutral stimulus is present with an unconditioned stimulus. This proves how the baby forms this assosiation in this way under a controlled environment. Therefore this justifies the reliabilility and validity of this experiment. "

Answer 7

" Hay and Vespo (1988) proposed a new form of learning theory call social learning theory. This states that social behaviour is aquired through modelling, eg. when a parent hugs their child, they are demonstrating a form of attachment that their children then mimick. Copying these attachment 'models' will also be reinforced by the positive association of the experience it gives others around them. Therefore Learnign Theory may be limited in its original form, but new understandings can bring the prominence its validity to be questioned once again. "

Answer 8

" This theory is rejected when it comes to Lorenz's Geese and Harlow's Monkey Study. Therefore there is a lack of support due to the number of alternative theories that could provide us with a alternate explanations and possibly show how it is not the whole cause of these attachments with other factors being present. "

Answer 9

" There has been a large amount of evidence to show that animals do not imprint upon the animals that feed them. Lorenz's geese imprinted before they were fed and did not change their primary attachment figure when fed by another. Harlow's monkey study also proved otherwise when the rhesus monkeys were shown to favour the cloth monkey over the wire monkey, despite the wire mother being the source of food. Therefore this theory is countered by a mass of animal research, limiting its validity as an explanation for attachment. "

Answer 10

" There has also been research carried out with infants that concluded food to not be an important factor in attachment. For example in Schaffer and Emerson's study there was still a primary attachment to the mother depite other's feeding the child more consistently. Therefore this study is further limited for making food and important link for the development of attachment, this could be seen as even more damning than the animal evidence, which some may have argued is ungeneralisable to humans. "

Answer 11

" Unlike learning theory, other factors such as reciprosity and good levels of interactional synchrony have been linked as key to the development of attachments. This is explored in the study by Issabella et al (1989). When a caregiver is sensative to a baby's needs they are more likely to respond appropriately which will then cause attachment. Learning theory simpy cannot account for these more complex processes that would not be relied upon to form attachments if it was merely developed by feeding. Therefore learning theory is limited by its innability to take into account other mportant factors leading to attachment. "

Answer 12

" From an early age babies have meaningful social interactions. These interactions are believed to be the foundations for a child's social development and the development of carer to child attachment. "

Answer 13

" ***Hard to recognise the expressions of a child*** - They cannot tell us what they are thinking so how can we be sure we have concluded acurately. Therefore this limits the validity of these experiments and studies. "

Answer 14

" **Parent** – infant attachment figures. Schaffer and Emmerson (1964) found that children tend to form their first “primary attachment to their mothers within 7 months, and 75% had formed a secondary attachment to their father by 18th months. "

Answer 15

" An inner working model acts as a template for all future realtionships and is said to be developed in early childhood from the likes of the primary caregiver. Good experience (love, care) = more liekly to seek a functional relaitonship and behave functionally. Bad experience = More likely to struggle forming realtionships, and if they do they often act or are dysfunctional ones. "

Answer 16

" An assessed attachment type can determine the quality of peer relaitonships in later childhood. Kerns (1994): Secure attachment = best formed relationships Insecure attachment = difficulties Myron-Wilson and Smith(1998) assesed using questionaires how bullying types can be linked to attachment type with196 children ages 7-11 in London. They found insecure-avoidant were likely to be the victims of insecure-resistant. "

Answer 17

" McCarthy (1999) looked at platonic and romantic attachments of 40 adult women who had previously been assessed as infants. Securely attached children had the best adult relationships. Whereas Insecure -resistant children had problems maintaining friendships later on while avoidant stuggles with intimacy in relationships. "

Answer 18

" Hazen and Shaver (1987) - 'Love Quiz' * Assed 620 replies to the love quiz that was put out in a local AMerican newspaper * Looked at current an most important relationship, general love experiences and attachment types "

Answer 19

" * 56% = securely attached (good relationships) * 25% insecure -avoidant (jealous + fear of intimacy) * 19% insecure-resistant This shows that the attachment patterns are reflected in relationships. "

Answer 20

" People base their parenting style on their IWM. Refer back to BAiley et al (2007) who compared 99 mothers to their own mothers when it came to parenting styles. They found that the most had the same attachment to their babies as to their mothers. (using interviews and TSS) However culture can effect these pracctices. Can also apply Harlow (but not human so limited). Mother born without a maternal figure were not effective parents. "

Answer 21

" The IWM assumes that the attachment type remains constant in characterising their future relationships. However the evidence swings both ways with McCarthy seeming to support this theory while Zimmerman (2000) found that the difference between infant and adolencent attachment behaviour to be very small, in relaiton to their parents. Therefore this limits the explanation as we would expect to see the IWM being key to development. "

Answer 22

" The method in which these attachment studies are carried out may be invalid. Most studies of satachment do not use TSS but instead use interviews or questionaires years later than infancy. Therefore the answers tend to depend on the individual's memory being accurate, as well as honest and unbiased. This is hard to achieve when soem p/pants may go agains these even unconciously. This then lacks the validity it needs as it cannot rely upon accurate recollections being constant. "

Answer 23

" There are many cases that provide alternative explanations for continuity. For example the child's temperment or the parenting style may influence the infant attachment type as well as later relationships. Therefore Bowlby's theory is counteracted as the IWM is either an incorrect explanation or not the only causal demonstration for continuity between infant and later relationships. "

Answer 24

" Although it is very likely that early attachment types play a role in later relationships, researchers such as Bowlby have possibly exaggerated its effects. Clarke and Clarke (1998) instead describe the relationship betweent the two factors as probablistic. It is not a predetermined state because of attachment types, it is insted just a factor that has become more likely to occur. Therefore the absolutist nature of this theory can be questioned, as well as whether it is ethically wrong to asume this level of pessimism around people's futures. "

Answer 25

" Because the IWM is unconcious it makes it imposssible for us to be actively aware of its influence in our lives. Researchers cannot gain evidence from p/pants through questionaires because they themselves know nothing of their own model, the results they gather are merely guess work by the individual. This is known as self-reporting and therefore demonstrated that this theory is limited by its tendency to rely upon the concious testimony of uncouncious factors. "

Answer 26

" Romanaia after the fall oftheir communist organisations was still experiencing a lack of care in their orphanages. The regime had left them with too many childrne to care for after women were forced to have as many children as possible in order to not recieve pay cuts. "

Answer 27

" Wanted to find out if the severe circumstances these children experienced were responsible for any negative effects using a natural experiment method. "

Answer 28

" 1. Fall of Ceaucescu in 1989 1. The team began to assess the orphans progress in the 1990's 1. Tested at age 2 - average IQ of 45 1. Tested at age 4 -no significant differences to the control group. (1998) "

Answer 29

" Timeline of the procedure: The assessment began when the assigned groups of children were adopted (165) in total and taken to the UK. Rutter assessed physical cognitive and mental development on the children when they were adoptd at the ages of 2 and under, they then followed up at the ages of 4, 6, 11 and 15 years. The control group was provided by a group of 52 children who were adopted in the UK at the time. At first seemed very underdeveloped when compared to the control group with a low IQ of 63 on average and being extremely physically malnourished.Children adopted before 6th month had and IQ of 102 while children who were adopted between the ages of 6 months and 2 only had an IQ of 86. "

Answer 30

" Zeanah et al (2005) did a feld study assessed 95 children from 12-31 months old who had spent (on average around) 90% of their lives in institutions. The control group was 50 children who had never lived in an institution. They were assessed using TSSP as well as asking their guardians to measure any unusual behaviour, such as innapropriate actions. **Control Group**: 74% securely attached 20% disinhibited attachment **P/pant Group:** 19% securely attached and 65% with disorganised with dissordered attachment. 44% disinhibited attached. "

Answer 31

" This study allowed us to see how institutonalisation can effect individuals over time. This led to many improvements in systems such as foster care and how adoptions were handled, not only in Romania but around the world. For example these home sare now likely to have low numbers of children in order to procide the care necessary to aid the child's development in relation to the number of carers present. With less carers that stay constant these children are able to form secure attachments. Therefore this research is incredibly valuable in enhancing the level of care that aids a child's development. "

Answer 32

" Experimenters are able to get to knwo their p/pants well and therefore gain a more trained insight into their actions which improved the validirty of the observations. "

Answer 33

" There have been many orphanage studies before this one however the children in those studies had often experienced past trauma before landing in these institutions. This made it hard to confirm if the results of these studies were valid as the could be due to extraneous variables caused by this trauma. (cofounding p/pant variables). Therefore when we look at Rutter's study there is an increase in internal validity. "

Answer 34

" It takes a long time, needs constant funding which can become incredibly expensive over this period of time. It can also lead to attrition - which is where over time p/pants choose to leave the study. Attrition often removes the most informative p/pants as well who tend to be the ones who struggle to engage over time as they are often the most impacted by the scenario the experimenters observe. Therefore this can lead to less reliable/valid results over time. "

Answer 35

" It is possible that due to such dire circumstances in these instituations they are beyond possible to compare with the average instituations or events of deprivation that we see today. Therefore a lack of typical situational variables may make this study hard to generalise and have value in current real-life institutions. "

Answer 36

" THe children in these studies were not assigned at random, creating a methodological error. A cofounding variable that may have developed at the adoption process - which was not interfered with by the researchers that lead to the more sociable children being adopted. Whereas other investigations they would use random allocation. Therefore we can see that if Rutter had used this the results may have been more valid but simultaneosly they would be creating the ethical issue of the parents not conecting initially to the children. "

Answer 37

" This study and the children are constantly being followed up years alter to process the long term effets. In some cases the effects may not even have presented themselves, which to an extent means that the study is not fully complete. Therefore it is hard to be egeneralisable when we do not yet know the extent of the effects so Rutter's study cannot cover, at this point in time, all the measures we should be taking for institutionalised children. "

Answer 38

" Lorenz was an ethologist who looked at the imprinting of animals and conducted an experiment with geese to assertain what the critical period for attachement is and what a failure to form this connectuion accurately could result in in order ot apply this to mother and infant relationships. "

Answer 39

" When an animal is born it will imprint in order to improve its chances of survival. This process involves the recognition of the maternal figure(to them any moving object present) so that they can then form a strong **attachment**. "

Answer 40

" ***Procedure:*** Lorenz randomly divided a clutch of goose eggs and then continued to hatch half the eggs with their biological mother and the other half in an incubator. The half that were in the incubator spent the first 2 hours of their life with Lorenz rather than their biological mother. "

Answer 41

" ***Findings:*** The incubator group followed Lorenz everywhere even if the biological mother was present and both the control and experimental groups were mixed. "

Answer 42

" Lorenz called this time spent with the chicks to form this attachment the **critical period**. "

Answer 43

" Lorenz found that male birds who had imprinted upon humans would attempt to mate with humans later in life. In a case study Lorenz (1952) he remarks that a peacock who was born in a reptile house of a zoo imprinted itself to the tortoises and so later in life would attempt courtship with other tortoises. "

Answer 44

" Harlow worked with Mukaks in order to gain a deeper understanding of attachment. **Importance of contact** was noted by Harlow who saw that the mokeys who died in cages were more often ones who had nothing comforting to hold and were much more likely to live when given a small blanket. "

Answer 45

" **Procedure**: Harlow (1958) tested as to whether softness provided some of the confort for newborns and was a factor that made attachment present. In an experiment he placed 16 baby mokeys in a cage with a 'cloth mother' and a 'wire mother'. The cloth mother would not feed the monkey while the wire mother would. In a second condition the production of milk was switched. "

Answer 46

" **Findings**: It was found that the baby monkeys prefered the cloth mother even when it did not provide the milk. This shows that 'contact comfot' is present and that babies will priorotise comfort over food. "

Answer 47

" Harlow took the monkeys that had had maternal deprivation and attempted to see if this ad a long-lating effect on theie functioning as an adult. Those raised with only a wire mother were the most disfunctional but even those wiht a cloth mother developed abnormally. The main features were that they bread less often and did not form social attachments. Mothers who had not had adequate maternal affection tended to neglect and even kill their own young. "

Answer 48

" Harlow assertained that if a monkey is not introduced to one of its own in 90 days it cnanot recover later in life and so confirms Lorenz's theory of a critical period. "

Answer 49

" Conducted a cross-cultural meta analysis that allowed them to look at the percentages of secure, insecure-avoidant and insecure-resistant attachments across a range of countries to find what variations occur across cultures. "

Answer 50

" Took 32 studies where TSS was used that ranged over 8 countries, with 15 taking place in the US and involving 1,990 children. These results were meta-analysed with resultes being combined and weighted for sample size. "

Answer 51

" * There is a wide variation in attachment types in different studies, however secure was the most common in all of them. * Proportions varied from 50% China to 75% in Britian * I-R was the leaste present but still ranged from 3% in the UK to 30% in Isreal * Interestingly results within theri own countries had more variation than the differences between other countries - namely 150% - eg. in America one study showed 36% strong while another showed 90% "

Answer 52

" Simonella et al (2014) conducted a study to see if there was the same nunber of different attachment types. They assesed 76 12 month - olds using TSS. Found: * 50% secure * 36% insecure- avoidant They suggested that this increase was due to the increasing numbers ofyoung children in child care. Therefore they show that cultural changes can have a massive difference on a child's attachment type. "

Answer 53

" Jin et al (2012) used TSS to assess attachment types. The proportions of insecure and secure were similar to most countries. However those who were defined asinsecurelyattached were more likely to be resistant that avoidant which is similar to that of Japan. These two countries have very similar cultural based uprbringings for their children, so demonstrates how culture links closely with these statistics. "

Answer 54

" Secure attachment is the norm - supporting Bowlby's theory. However attachment type can be changed significantly by culture, not just our inbuilt systems therefore also supporting the learning theory. "

Answer 55

" By having a large sample size any errors or anomilies that occur will not necessary sque the data a great amount. 1990 kids were involved in this study which increased the internal validity and redued anomolous results. Therefore this supports the validity of TSS in a meta-analysis study. "

Answer 56

" Not all cultures are represented despite the wide spread of cultures involved in the meta-analyisis. even all the communities within those coountries are respresented eg. there was only one study done in Britian which is not likely to represent children in the whole of the UK. An analysis by Sagi and van Ijvendoorn (2001) found that the distribution of attachment in urban Tokyo was similar to Western coutries - however the countryside was completely different. Therefore comparisons between countries may be completely needless as there ar emore specific cultural criteria that needs to be specified. "

Answer 57

" Cross cultural psychology has two different qualites, etic and emit. Etic is cultural univerals while emit is cultural uniqueness. TSS was developed by an American based off a British theory and by applyign this to other non western cultures this becomes an imposed etic. An example of this alck of pleasure in reunion some childen have may be valued in Germany where independance has more importance(Grossmann & Grossmann 1990). "

Answer 58

" Bowlby suggests that the reason we attach is because of innate structures that are universal. This study suggests that this research may not be valid . Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg suggest that these cultural differences are a reflection of how mass media effects the way we rase our children , creating more of a 'norm'. Therefore this study limits the validity of Bowlby's theory of attachment. "

Answer 59

" TSS may not be exploring attachment at all. The unfamiliar environment is used to create this sense of anxiety, however Ainsworth recognised it may not necessarily be attachment that is the main influence. Kagan (1982) argued that the genetically determined temperment is more important. Therefore temperment may be a confounding variable, decreasing the validity of these observations. "

Answer 60

" Bowlby said that if the primary carer were to leave their child for an extended period of time this would cause the child to suffer and develop wrong. He called this 'deprivation' and thought it would lead to a lower IQ than the rest of the population and become an "affectionless psychopath". "

Answer 61

" There is a distinction between seperation and deprivation. Seperation menas that the caregiver is not with them at present while deprivaiton is not necessarily to do with distance as it is essentialy to do with harm. "

Answer 62

" The connection between child and adult attachment processes will strengthen this bond over time. This time period Bowlby called the critical period or a 'sensative period' which after the age of 2 ( if an attachment is not formed) will make it hard for the child to form relationships. ( Later Bowlby recognised this was not the be all and end all of attachment) "

Answer 63

" Bowlby thought that children deprived of maternal care would have less intellectual development. "

Answer 64

" The research involved 2 groups of children: * Group 1: spent the first few months in an orphanage and were then fostered. * Group 2: spent 3 years in an orphanage before being fostered, (i.e. had little opportunity to form attachments in early life). Both groups were tested to the age of 12. Findings The children who had spent 3 years at the orphanage performed less well on IQ tests were less social and more likely to be aggressive whereas those who were adopted performed higher and were less agressive. "

Answer 65

" * children cant do IQ test effectively * culturally bound * sunjective * artificial/unfamiliar requirements "

Answer 66

" He thought that affectionless psychopathy would be developed, which involves a lack of guilt and general emotions. This leads to unhealthy relationships later on in life and dont feel remorse for actions. "

Answer 67

" **Procedure****-** 44 criminal teenagers who had stolen were interviewed t see if they had affectionless psychopathy as well as their families to assetain if these children had experienced seperarion from their mothers. The control group was set as a group of emotionally disturbed but not criminal group of young people. **Findings****-** Bowlby found that 14/44 youths were affectionless psychopaths. And of these 12/14 had prolonged seperation in the first 2 years compared to only 5 of the non-AF thieves. They concluded that seperation when it is early on and prolonged leads to AF. "

Answer 68

" This is an on-going longitudinal study which began in 1998. 111 Romanian orphans were adopted into British families. Rutter wanted to see if good care could compensate for the privation the children had suffered before the overthrow of the Communist dictator Ceaucescu. Again this has been run as a natural experiment with age of adoption being the naturally occurring independent variable (IV). Rutter is studying three groups: * Adopted before the age of 6 months * Adopted between 6 months and 2 years * Adopted after the age of two (late adoptees). By the age of six years children were making very good recoveries, however, those adopted later (older than two years) had a much higher level of disinhibited attachment. In 2007 Rutter returned to the children (then aged eleven years) and found that some had made recoveries but about half of those diagnosed with the condition at the age of six still had it at the age of eleven. **Conclusion** Children exposed to privation are more likely to make a fuller recovery if adopted into a caring environment at an earlier age. **Bowlby should have focused on privation not deprivation. In the case of privation long-term damage is more likely to be a valid conclusion.** "

Answer 69

" Bowlby drew from multiple sources for evidence. In sources such as ones with war orphans MD was not the only fact wiht other forms of neglect taking place, such as malnutrition or autonomy. In addition to this the 44 theives study has design flaws, such as its bias of wanting to find affectionless psychopaths. Therefore the validity of Bowlby's findings are questioned, this could have perhaps been solved with the introduction of an impartial assessor to compare conclusions with Bowlby. "

Answer 70

" Hilda Lewis (1954) replicated this study and found contrasting results with a larger sample of 500 young people. This concluded that there was no link between MD and becoming APs or having difficulty forming relationships. Therefore Bowlby's study is not reliable and limited in validity as it is not a true representation. "

Answer 71

" Rather than being a critical - 'must' period it is more of a sensative or 'should'period which is supporte by the case study of the chezc twins (Koluchova(1976)) who were able to form an attachment long aftern these supposedly 'critical years'. Therefore Bowlby's conclusion on the vitality of these period is not valid. "

Answer 72

" Short term seperation leads to the PDD model. **Protest**: The child cries, screams and protests angrily when the parent leaves. They will try to cling on to the parent to stop them leaving. **Despair**: The child’s protesting begins to stop and they appear to be calmer although still upset. The child refuses others’ attempts for comfort and often seems withdrawn and uninterested in anything. **Detachment**: If separation continues the child will start to engage with other people again. They will reject the caregiver on their return and show strong signs of anger. "

Answer 73

" This is a **controlled observation procedure** **which** was designed to measure the secure attachment displayed by a child towards a caregiver. There are **controlled conditions** present and the interaction is observed through a two way mirror. "

Answer 74

" * **Proximity Seeking****:** How close an infant is to their caregiver, if they have a good attachment this will be closer. * **Exploration and Secure-base Behaviour****:** If the child has a good attachment then they are more comfortabke to explore with the caregiver acting as a secure base. * **Stranger Anxiety****:** If a stranger approaches the level of attachment can be seen in how the child reacts. * **Seperation Anxiety:** The child with a good attachment may protest at being taken away from their carer. * **Response to Union:** When the child is given back to the caregiver after a period of time it will experience a hightened need to go to the caregiver. "

Answer 75

" These children are happy to explore with intervals of going back to the caregiver. They have moderate seperation distress and moderate stranger anxiety. They require comfort in reunion stage and around 60-75% of British babies are within this range. "

Answer 76

" These children are also happy to explore however they do not display the same bas behaviours of secure attachment in the referal back to their caregiver. They also show little reaction when the cargiver leaves and do not attempt to make contact when they return. Around 20-25% of the British baby population ar ein this catagory. "

Answer 77

" These children need a close proximity to their caregivers and often do not explore much. There is a large amount of seperation and stranger distress but resist comfort whne the caregiver returns. 3% of British toddlers have this form of attachment. "

Answer 78

" The type of attachment formed can be a good indicator for later development. Babies who were put down as secure were more likely to have sucess in many areas of their life from school to friendships. Kokkinos (2007) also found that those who had insecure-resistent attachment were more likely to be bullied and have mental health issues (Ward et al). Therefore this proves that the validity of Ainsworth's study as it is able to explain future outcomes. "

Answer 79

" TSS has inter-rater reliability . Different observers agreed about the lassifications of each attachment type. This may be because of the controlled conditions and the behavioural catagpries that are easy to observe. Bick et al (2012) looked at the inter-reliabiity of TSS and found a 94% agreement rate. Therefore we can be confident that the attachment type observed in the children does not depend on the observer. "

Answer 80

" Had people take a 'love quiz'. They asked people these questions to allow them to find out what kind of attachment the p/pant had as a child and compare this to the relationships they had as adults. They found that those who had a secure attachment went on to have secure trustinfg relationships throughout their adult life. Those who were resistent tended to fall in love quickly and often displayed jealousy. Resistant's had the highest divorce rate as well. Avoidants tended to be happy living on their own and were therefore more likely not to have got married or be in a relationship - which for them happinesss does nto depend on. Therefore this provides a support for Ainsworth as it shows it is a valid, reliable method of determining attachment types. "

Answer 81

" Past research by Ainsworth eg. the Boswerth study provides a standing for this study. "

Answer 82

" Some think that TSS is a culture bound test because it may not have the same meaning outside of Western cultures. Firstly because of different childhood experiences that lead to different responses in the test. And secondly the caregicvers respond differently in other cultures.Takahashi (1990) noted that this does not relly work in Japan because the mothers are rarely seperate so there ar increased levels of seperation anxiety. Therefore it may be restricted to European and North American cultures. "

Answer 83

" The unfamiliar environment is used to create this sense of anxiety, however Ainsworth recognised it may not necessarily be attachment that is the main influence. Kagan (1982) argued that the genetically determined temperment is more important. Therefore temperment may be a confounding variable, decreasing the validity of these observations. "

Answer 84

Dolland and Miller (1950) said that children learn the caregivers meet their needs for food and physical touch and this leads to classical conditioning processes

Answer 85

Freud and Harlow

Answer 86

lack of an internal working model leading to bad adult relationships and parenting skills

Answer 87

delayed emotional development, lack of empathy and guilt, low IQ

Answer 88

**an attachment disorder in which a child has little to no fear of unfamiliar adults and may actively approach them so** may not know what counts as ‘appropriate’ behaviour towards strangers

Answer 89

conditions that **share some attributes with primary autism, but are not really autism**

Answer 90

Dolland and Miller (1950) essentially the idea that children are attached to their parents because of their need for food.

Answer 91

Attachment is a secondary drive as it allows us to fulfill our primary drives

Answer 92

Attachment is a secondary drive as it allows us to fulfill our primary drives

Answer 93

future relationships are based off of past ones + attachment styles

attachment Flashcards

(125 cards)