Social Influence Flashcards

Question

What is used to measure facism?

Answer 1

The f scale

Answer 2

Done by 2000 white middle-class Americans. Those who scored more highly were more obedient and showed submissiveness and respect, they believe society needs strong leadership. they also identified with those who were 'strong' and showed contempt for the weak- link to prejudice and conventional attitudes towards gender sex race etc see society as deteriorating

Answer 3

Harsh parenting and conditional love Child builds up resentment but cannot unleash it on parents so displaces it onto others who they see as weaker 'scapegoating'

Answer 4

Milgram interviewed 40 of his past participants and the ones who complied scored much higher on the f scale than those who didn’t

Answer 5

L- the f scale doesn’t show right wing tendencies- it shows RW and LW ideaologies as they both believe in strong leadership. L- contradictory evidence- millions of people supported Hitler but they can’t have all been authoritarian

Answer 6

The ability of people to withstand the social pressure to conform to the majority or to obey the authority. Resistance is influenced by both situational and dispositional factors

Answer 7

Social support Locus of control

Answer 8

Asch found that the presence of another non-confirmed dropped conformity to 5%

Answer 9

Refers to the sense we each have about what directs events in our lives

Answer 10

That they are responsible for what happens to them

Answer 11

That it’s luck and external factors that effect their lives

Answer 12

Albrecht (2006) started a program to stop adolescent mothers smoking and gave some a ‘buddy’ and some didn’t. T he ones with buddies were less likely to smoke Conformity dropped to 5% when Asch provided a non conformist confederate

Answer 13

Holland 1967 showed 37% of internals didn’t continue to the highest voltage in Milgrim’s study whereas 23% of externals did not continue

Answer 14

Twenge (2004) analysed data from 1960-2002 which showed over time people have become more resistant to obedience but also more external

Answer 15

Refers to a situation where one person or a small group of people influece the behaviour and beliefs of the majority

Answer 16

Consistency Commitment Flexibility

Answer 17

Diachronic- consistency over time- the group doesn’t change its views Synchronic- all minority group members agree and back each other

Answer 18

Doing extreme things, this is called the augmentation principle

Answer 19

The minority groups come to a compromise to get their views across

Answer 20

S- Wood (1994) analysed over 100 studies similar to the one done by moscovici and found that consistency was a major factor in minority influence S- Martin (2003) found that people were less willing to change their opinions if they listened to a minority group agree before faced with a contradictory view compared to a majority group

Answer 21

L- artificial stimuli- eg identifying the colour of a slide. Shows a lack of mundane realism and external validity so it doesn’t tell us how MI works in the real world

Answer 22

-participants given eye tests to make sure they weren’t colourblind -two groups of 6: 4 participants and 2 confederate -were shown 36 blue slides -one group the confederates said all 36 slides were green -other group said 24/36 slides were green -more consistent group got 8.42% of the majority to conform -less consistent group got 1.25% of the majority to conform

Answer 23

1) drawing attention- campaigns marches etc 2)consistency - consistent message 3)deeper processing- majority start to think about message 4)the augmentation principle- do extreme things 5)the snowball effect- more people join the movement 6)social cryptomnesia- people accept the message but forget where it came from

Answer 24

ISI Internalisation

Answer 25

S- supporting evidence- Nolan (2008) found group 1 who were told that everyone else in their neighbourhood were trying to reduce their energy, reduced their energy usage more than those in group 2 who were simply asked to reduce energy. S- supporting evidence- Bashir (2013) found people would resist social change even when they agreed as the didn’t was a label such as ‘tree hugger’ or ‘man hater’ showing that social cryptomnesia is necessary

Answer 26

L- Nemeth (1968) argues the effect of MI on social change is indirect and delayed. For example took ages to change attitudes towards drink-driving and smoking. L- Moscovici showed that he thought MI groups made people think more deeply than majority groups. Mackie (1987) disagrees and says it’s the other may around

Answer 27

when group became 3 or larger conformity was at 31.8% the optimal amount of people for conformity was 7 and then after that it decreased

Answer 28

when there was one confederate who said the right answer conformity dropped to 5%

Answer 29

increased- ISI

Answer 30

guards and prisoners were 'bad seeds'- bad conditions was due to bad nature of people in prisons

Answer 31

brutality is due to the environment the prisoners are in

Answer 32

set up mock prison in basement of Stanford volunteer sample for students, did psychological testing to ensure all were 'emotionally stable' participants who were selected randomly allocated to be guards or prisoners prisoners were given a smock and cap to cover their hair- guards were given uniform, handcuffs, wooden bat and mirrored sunglasses. prisoners were always called by a number not name- these factors created deindividuation guards given complete power if prisoners wanted to leave they had to apply for parole with superintendent Zimabrdo

Answer 33

guards took to roles with enthusiasm abandoned after 6 days guards often tormented and abused prisoners- headcount in middle of night, reminding them they had control etc rebellion after 2 days by prisoners- guards suppressed it with fire extinguishers after rebellion prisoners were subdued and anxious one prisoner released on first day after showing psychological disturbance prisoner 819 went on hunger strike and was force fed put in the hole and shunned by other prisoners two more prisoners left on fourth day

Answer 34

Abu Ghraib prison- US officials tortured harassed and killed prisoners at Abu Ghraib prison in 2003- when in court said they had been told to do it

Answer 35

when an individual acts in response to a direct order usually from an authority figure. assumed that without this order the person would not have acted in this way

Answer 36

40 males aged from 20-50 naive participant was teacher and had to ask student questions and if they got it wrong would shock them shock would go up 15v at a time at 180v the student would shout at 300v the student screamed and said his heart was bothering him at 315v the student would refuse to continue and not say anything the 450v button had a label saying 'danger- severe shock- xxx researcher would use standardised prods like 'please continue' or 'you have no other choice, please go on'

Answer 37

obedience dropped to 47.5%

Answer 38

obedience dropped to 40%

Answer 39

obedience dropped to 30%

Answer 40

obedience decreased to 20.5%

Answer 41

obedience decreased to 20%

Answer 42

when we are independent and have free will

Answer 43

when an authority figure comes along and we move from autonomous to agentic state

Answer 44

binding factors- these reduce moral strain and make it seem like what they do is okay.

Answer 45

contradictory evidence- Mandel described German reserve police battalion as shooting and killing civilians in a small town in Poland despite not receiving orders to do so contradictory evidence- the nurses in Holfing's study should have shown moral strain as seen in Milgram's experiment but they did not over simplified- does not show why some people do not conform to hierarchy-

Answer 46

got doctors to get nurses to administer a possibly fatal dose of a drug to patients 21/22 nurses obeyed

Answer 47

some humans are more likely to be obedient than others

Answer 48

authoritarian personality

Answer 49

Asch found that it significantly decreased it

Answer 50

individuals can become more confident in their ability to resist when they have a 'disobedient role model' Milgram found that obedience dropped from 65-10% when the teacher was joined by another disobedient confederate

Answer 51

high level of responsibility and control over their lives

Answer 52

believe their life is determined by external factors they cannot change

Answer 53

high internals likely to seek out information about their own lives themselves and will not conform with others

Answer 54

more likely to be influenced by others as they don't believe they have control over their lives

Answer 55

consistency over time- the minority group doesn't change its views

Answer 56

consistency between members- all minority group members agree and back each other

Answer 57

supporting evidence- Bickman had three people dressed in a milkmans uniform, a security guards uniform and a suit to tell passers by in NY to do tasks such as pick up litter- found people twice as likely to listen to security guard than suit, shows importance of uniform highly controlled- Only altered one variable at a time and kept all other variables the same and repeated with over 1000 participants. shows procedure is standardised and therefore easily replicated and also has high internal validity

Answer 58

lack internal validity- Orne and Holland said that Milgram's research was easily discovered to be fake by participants. This can especially be seen in uniform change as researcher replaced by regular person, Milgram agreed the situation was highly contrived. demand characteristics more of a problem so results may not be genuine culture bias- Milgram's study replicated in showed 90% obedience in Spain, shows doesn't just apply to America. however all follow up research done in west so may apply to only western individualistic cultures. only two studies done outside of west from 1968-85 (Jordan and India)

Answer 59

Lucas et al found those more confident in maths ability conformed less- shows Asch was oversimplified as didn't look at the individual factors

Answer 60

Banuazizi and Movahedi say that participants were over- acting one guard based personality off cool hand Luke

Answer 61

Abu Ghraib

Answer 62

Le jeu de la mort- 80% obedience Sheridan and king- 54% and 100% obedience with real shocks

Answer 63

Perry listened back to recordings of experiment and concluded 50% of participants knew it was fake

Answer 64

Social identity theory- people only reacted to prods about experiment which they identified with but didbnt obey prods about blindly following authority

Answer 65

black and white

Answer 66

Social identity theory- people identify with a state not an individual- nazi Germany and anti-semitism as an example

Answer 67

Greenstein- 'a comedy of methodological errors"

Answer 68

Herbert Kelman

Answer 69

internalisation identification compliance

Answer 70

when a person genuinely accepts the norms of the group publicly and privately. attitudes change permanently because the views become a part of their thought processes. attitudes same when not in the presence of group members

Answer 71

conforming because there is something in the group you value. change public but not private beliefs.

Answer 72

superficial change- 'going along with others' in public but not changing private beliefs.

Answer 73

Deutch and Gerard

Answer 74

to be right to be liked

Answer 75

conforming with the majority as you assume they are more knowledgable cognitive process happens more in ambiguous situations or situations of crisis leads to internalisation

Answer 76

about the 'norms' of a group about gaining social approval emotional process leads to temporary change in beliefs (compliance) more likely to occur around strangers and in stressful situations

Answer 77

supporting evidence- Asch interviewed participants most said they conformed as they felt self conscious and were afraid of disapproval. conformity dropped to 12.5% when answers were written down

Answer 78

overly simplistic- NSI does not effect everyone in the same ways. nAffiliators are more concerned with being liked. Mcghee and Teevan found that students who were nAffiliators were more likelynto conform.

Answer 79

supporting evidence- Lucas et al

Answer 80

hard to see difference in ISI and NSI- conformity dropped when unanimity introduced. could be reducing ISI or NSI

Answer 81

when a person is widely viewed by society as having authority which makes it legitimate. people give up their independence to hand control to a figure who will use authority appropriately this is learnt from parents teachers etc in childhood.

Answer 82

supporting evidence- in milligrams study participants often asked questions or resisted shocks. one question was 'who is responsible if mr Wallace is harmed' when researcher said himself he continued

Answer 83

contradictory evidence - Rank and Cardell found 16 of 18 nurses refused to administer lethal dose of drug when told to by doctor.

Answer 84

explains cultural differences- Milgram replications- 16% in Australia, 85% in Germany.

Answer 85

contrasting evidence- Rank and Jacobson nurses, some didn't go on in milgrams

Answer 86

RWA- Albrecht smoking buddy study supporting evidence- milligram variation- obedience at 10% when dissenting peer with teacher supporting evidence- Gamson found when told students to find evidence to help oil company run smear campaign 29 of 33 groups resisted, this would be because they were in groups

Answer 87

scale to measure LOC high internal at one end high external at the other

Answer 88

more self confident more achievement orientated higher intelligence

Answer 89

holland did milligram experiment and measured LOC. found 37% internals didn't continue compared to 23% of externals.

Answer 90

twinge looked at LOC studies over 40 years and found over time people became more e3xternal but more obedient

Answer 91

supporting evidence- Wood did meta analysis on 100 moscovici type studies and found the more consistent the more effective supporting evidence- Martin supported deeper processing as found people were less likely to change their opinion on something which has been told to them by a minority group compared to a majority group.

Answer 92

low munbdance realism- slides

Answer 93

8% when consistent (24/24) 1.25% when not (12/24)

Answer 94

supporting evidence- Nolan found that in San Diego people were more likely to reduce energy usage if posters in their neighbourhood that most people were trying to reduce energy usage compared to posters that just told them to reduce energy usage. explains change- nemeth argues that minorities inspire divergent thinking which is a broad type of thinking where more options are weighed up and this leads to better decisions and more creative ideas. shows the value of minority in opening the minds of people.

Answer 95

contrasting evidence- fox croft reviewed 70 studies using NSI to decrease student drinking. there was no change in frequency and only a small change in quantity.

Answer 96

when groups provide info on what others are doing in their campaign for example 'stop smoking- others are'

Answer 97

gradual commitment

Social Influence Flashcards

(122 cards)