Social Structure and Demographics Flashcards

(72 cards)

1
Q

Sociology

A

The study of society: how we create society, how we interact within it, how we define what is normal and abnormal in society, and how we institutionalize these ideas

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2
Q

Macrosociology

A

Focuses on large groups and social structure

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3
Q

Microsociology

A

Focuses on small groups and the individual

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4
Q

Social structure

A

A system of people within a society organized by a characteristic pattern of relationships

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5
Q

Functionalism/Functional Analysis

A

The study of the structure and function of each part of society, and how these components fit together

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6
Q

Function

A

Refers to the beneficial consequences of people’s actions –> according to functionalism theorists, functions help keep society in balance

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7
Q

Dysfunctions

A

Harmful consequences of people’s actions as they undermine a social system’s equilibrium

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8
Q

Manifest Functions

A

Deliberate actions that serve to help a given system

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9
Q

Latent Functions

A

Unexpected, unintended, or unrecognized positive consequences of manifest functions

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10
Q

Power

A

In a sociological context, refers to a form of influence over other people

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11
Q

Conflict theory

A

Focuses on how power differentials are created and how these differentials contribute to the maintenance of social order (based on the works of karl marx)

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12
Q

Symbolic interactionism

A

The study of the ways individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures, and other symbols

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13
Q

Social constructionism

A

Focuses on how individuals and groups make decisions to put together their social reality

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14
Q

Rational Choice Theory

A

States that individuals will make decisions that maximize potential benefit and minimize potential harm

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15
Q

Exchange Theory

A

Applies rational choice theory within social groups

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16
Q

Feminist Theory

A

Attempts to explain social inequalities that exist on the basis of gender –> theory focuses on the subordination of women through social structures and institutional discrimination

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17
Q

Glass Ceiling

A

A phenomenon where women are often less frequently promoted in the workplace and may have more difficulty attaining top-level administrative positions within a company

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18
Q

Social Institutions

A

Well-established social structures that dictate certain patterns of behavior or relationships and are accepted as a fundamental part of culture –> includes family, education, religion, government and the economy, and health and medicine

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19
Q

Mandate reporter

A

As a physician, one is legally required to report suspected cases of elder or child abuse

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20
Q

Teacher Expectancy

A

Refers to the idea that teachers tend to get what they expect from students

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21
Q

Religion

A

Considered to be a pattern of social activities organized around a set of beliefs and practices that seek to address the meaning of existence

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22
Q

Religiosity

A

Refers to how religious one considers him/herself

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23
Q

4 key tenets of medical ethics

A

Beneficience, nonmaleficience, respect for patient autonomy, justice

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24
Q

Beneficience

A

The physician has a responsibility to act in the patient’s best interests

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25
Nonmaleficence
Do no harm; the physician has a responsibility to avoid treatments or interventions in which the potential for harm outweighs the potential for benefit
26
Respect for patient autonomy
Physician has a responsibility to respect patients' decisions and choices about their own healthcare
27
Justice
The physician has a responsibility to treat similar patients with similar care, and to distribute healthcare resources fairly.
28
Culture
Encompasses the lifestyle of a group of people and includes both material and symbolic elements
29
Material Culture
Includes the physical items one associates with a given group, such as artwork, emblems, clothing, jewelry, foods, buildings, and tools
30
Symbolic culture
Includes the ideas associated with/that represent a cultural group
31
Cultural lag
The idea that material culture changes more quickly than symbolic culture
32
Values
What a person deems important in life, which dictates one's ethical principals and standards of behaviour
33
Belief
Something than an individual accepts to be truth
34
Cultural Barriers
When a cultural difference impedes interaction with others
35
Ritual
A formalized ceremonial behaviour in which members of a group or community regularly engage. Usually involves specific material objects, symbolism, and additional mandates on acceptable behaviour. Governed by specific rules, including appropriate behaviour and a predetermined order of events
36
Demographics
Refer to the statistics of populations and are the mathematical applications of sociology. Most common demographic variables include age, gender, race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, and immigration status
37
Ageism
A prejudice or discrimination on the basis of a person's age
38
Gender
Social construct that corresponds to the behavioural, cultural, or psychological traits typically associated with a biological sex
39
Gender inequality
The intentional or unintentional empowerment of one gender to the detriment of the other.
40
Race
A social construct based on phenotypic differences between groups of people; these may be either real or perceived differences
41
Racialization
Refers to the definition of establishment of a group as a particular race (e.g. judaism)
42
Racial Formation Theory
Suggests that racial identity is fluid and dependent on concurrent political, economic, and social factors
43
Ethnicity
Also a social construct, which sorts people by cultural factors, including language, nationality, religion, and other factors.
44
Difference between race and ethnicity?
One can choose whether or not to display ethnic identity, while racial identities are always on display
45
Symbolic ethnicity
Describes a specific connection to one's ethnicity in which ethnic symbols and identity remain important, e.g. on special occasions, but do not specifically impact everyday life
46
Intersectionality
Interplay between multiple demographic factors, especially when it leads to discrimination or oppression
47
Fertility rate
Refers to the average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime in a population
48
Birth rate
Relative to a population size over time; usually measured as the number of births per 1000 people per year
49
Mortality rate
The average number of deaths per population per size over time, usually measured as the number of deaths per 1000 people per year
50
Immigration
Defined as movement into a new geographic space
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Emigration
Movement away from a geographic space
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Pull factors
Positive attributions of the new location that attract the immigrant
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Push factors
Negative attributes of the old location that encourage the immigrant to leave.
54
Demographic transition
A model used to represent drops in birth and death rates as a result of industrialization
55
Stage 1 of demographic transition
Pre-industrial society: birth and death rates are both high
56
Stage 2 of demographic transition
Improvements in healthcare, nutrition, sanitation, and wages cause death rates to drop
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Stage 3 of demographic transition
Improvements in contraception, women's rights, and a shift from an agricultural to an industrial economy causes birth rates to drop
58
Stage 4 of demographic transition
An industrialized society; both birth and death rates are low
59
Malthusian theory
Focuses on how the exponential growth of a population can outpace growth of the food supply and lead to social degradation and disorder
60
Social movements
Organized to either promote (proactive) or resist (reactive) change.
61
Relative deprivation
A decrease in resources, representation, or agency relative to the past or to the whole of society
62
Globalization
The process of integrating the global economy with free trade and the tapping of foreign markets. Can lead to both positive and negative effects
63
Urbanization
Refers to dense areas of population creating a pull for migration; in other words, creating cities.
64
Secularize
Describes moving from a world dominated by religion toward rationality and scientific thinking.
65
Fundamentalism
Maintenance of strict adherence to religious code
66
Capitalist economies
Focus on free market trade and laissez-faire policies, where success or failure in business is primarily driven by consumerism with as little intervention from central governing bodies as possible. These societies encourage division of labor, where specific components of a larger task are separated and assigned to skilled and trained individuals
67
Socialist economies
Treats large industries as collective, shared businesses, and compensation is provided based on the work contribution of each individual into the system
68
Ethnography
The study of cultures and customs
69
Ethnographic methods
Experimental methods used to study the ethnicity or culture of a group
70
Crude rate
Total population growth rate for a population, adjusted to a certain population size over a specific period of time and multiplied by a constant to give a whole number.
71
Ghettoes
Areas where specific racial, ethnic, or religious minorities are concentrated, usually due to social or economic inequities
72
Slum
An extremely densely populated area of a city with low-quality, often informal housing and poor sanitation