Social Thinking Flashcards

(79 cards)

1
Q

Interpersonal Attraction

A

what makes people like each other –> is influenced by multiple factors, including physical attractiveness, similarities, self-disclosure, reciprocity, and proximity

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2
Q

What increases physical attractiveness?

A

Symmetry and proportions close to the golden ratio (when a women’s waist is about 70% the size of her hips)

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3
Q

Self-diclosure

A

Includes sharing fears, thoughts, and goals with another person and being met with empathy and nonjudgment

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4
Q

Reciprocal liking

A

We like people who we think like us

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5
Q

Proximity

A

Being physically close to someone

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6
Q

Attachment

A

An emotional bond to another person; usually refers to the bond between a child and a caregiver. There are 4 types

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7
Q

What are the 4 types of attachment

A

Secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized

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8
Q

Secure attachment

A

Requires a consistent caregiver; the child will show strong preference for the caregiver. Child will be upset at departure of caregiver and will be comforted by the return of the caregiver

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9
Q

Ambivalent attachment

A

Occurs when a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress, sometimes responding appropriately, sometimes neglectful; the child will become distressed when caregiver leaves and is ambivalent when he or she returns

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10
Q

Avoidant Attachment

A

Occurs when a caregiver has little or no response to a distressed, crying child; the child shows no preference for the caregiver compared to strangers. Child shows little or no distress when caregiver leaves and little or no relief when caregiver returns

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11
Q

Disorganized attachment

A

Occurs when a caregiver is erratic or abusive; the child shows no clear pattern of behaviour in response to the caregiver’s absence or presence.

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12
Q

Social Support

A

The perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network

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13
Q

Emotional Support

A

Includes listening to, affirming, and empathizing with someone’s feelings

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14
Q

Esteem support

A

Affirms the qualities and skills of the person

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15
Q

Material support

A

Providing physical or monetary resources to aid a person

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16
Q

Informational support

A

Providing useful information to a person

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17
Q

Network support

A

Providing a sense of belonging to a person

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18
Q

Mating System

A

Describes the way in which a group is organized in terms of sexual behaviour

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19
Q

Monogamy

A

Consists of exclusive mating relationships

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20
Q

Polygamy

A

Consists of one member of a sex having multiple exclusive relationships with members of the opposite sex

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21
Q

Promiscuity

A

Allows a member of one sex to mate with any member of the opposite sex without exclusivity

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22
Q

Mate choice/intersexual selection

A

The selection of a mate based on attraction and traits

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23
Q

Altruism

A

A form of helping behaviour in which the person’s intent is to benefit someone else at some personal cost

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24
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

A measure of an organism’s success in the population –> based on the number of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and ability of offspring to support others

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25
Social perception/social cognition
The way by which we generate impressions about people in our social environment; contains a perceiver, a target, and the situation or social context of the scenario
26
Implicit personality theory
States that people make assumptions about how different types of people, their traits, and their behaviour are related
27
Primacy Effect
Refers to when first impressions are more important than subsequent impressions
28
Recency Effect
When the most recent information we have about an individual is most important in forming our impressions
29
Reliance on central traits
The tendency to organize the perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics that matter to the perceiver
30
Halo Effect
Cognitive bias in which judgments of an individual's character can be affected by the overall impression of the individual
31
Just-world Hypothesis
The tendency of individuals to believe that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people
32
Self-serving bias/self-serving attributional bias
Individuals will view their own successes as being based on internal factors, while viewing failures as being based on external factors
33
Attribution theory
Focuses on the tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people's behaviour
34
Dispositional (internal) causes
Those that relate to the features of the person whose behaviour is being considered, including his or her beliefs, attitudes, and personality characteristics
35
Situational (external) causes
Related to features of the surroundings or social context, such as threats, money, social norms, and peer pressure.
36
Fundamental attribution error
The bias towards making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions in regard to the actions of others, especially in negative contexts
37
Attribute substitution
Occurs when individuals must make judgments that are complex but instead substitute a simpler solution or heuristic. Attributions are highly influenced by the culture in which one resides
38
Stereotypes
Occurs when attitudes and impressions are made based on limited and superficial information about a person or a group of individuals
39
Self-fulfilling prophecy
When stereotypes lead to expectation which creates conditions that lead to confirmation of a stereotype
40
Stereotype threat
Concern or anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype about one's social group. THhs may hinder performance, which may actually create a self-fulfilling prophecy
41
Prejudice
Defined as an irrational positive or negative attitude toward a person, group, or thing prior to an actual experience with that entity
42
Ethnocentrism
The practice of making judgments about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one's own culture
43
Cultural relativism
Refers to the recognition that social groups and cultures should be studied on their own terms
44
Discrimination
When prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently from others
45
Individual discrimination
Refers to one person discriminating against a particular person or group
46
Institutional discrimination
Refers to the discrimination against a particular person or group by an entire institution
47
Game theory
Attempts to explain decision-making behaviour
48
Empathy-altruism hypothesis
One explanation for the relationship between empathy and helping behaviour; one individual helps another person when he or she feels empathy for the other person, regardless of the cost
49
Cooperation
Both the donor and recipient benefit by cooperating
50
Spite
both the donor and recipient are negatively impacted
51
Selfishness
Donor benefits while recipient is negatively impacted
52
Mere exposure/familiarity effect
Says that people prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently
53
Cognitive neoassociation model
States that we are more likely to respond to others aggressively whenever we are feeling negative emotions, such as being tired, sick, frustrated, or in pain.
54
Mate bias
Refers to how choosy members of the species are while choosing a mate; an evolutionary mechanism aimed at increasing the fitness of the species, and include direct and indirect benefits
55
Direct benefits of mate bias.
Provides advantages to the mate, e.g. material advantages, protection, or emotional support
56
Indirect benefits of mate bias
Provide advantages to the offspring
57
5 recognized mechanisms of mate choice
Phenotypic benefits, sensory bias, fisherian/runaway selection, indicator traits, and genetic compatability
58
Phenotypic benefits
Observable traits that make a potential mate more attractive to the opposite sex
59
Sensory bias
Development of a trait to match a preexisting preference that exists in the population
60
Fisherian/runaway selection
A positive feedback mechanism in which a particular trait that has no effect or negative effect on survival becomes more and more exaggerated over time.
61
Indicator traits
Traits that signify overall good health and well-being of an organism, increasing its attractiveness to mates
62
Genetic compatability
Creation of mate pairs, that, when combined, have complementary genetics
63
Evolutionary stable strategy (ESS)
When an ESS is adopted by a given population in a specific environment, natural selection will prevent alternative strategies from arising; object is to become more fit than competitors.
64
Consistency cues
Refer to the consistent behavior of a person over time. The more regular the behavior, the more we associate that behavior with the motives of the person
65
Consensus cues
Relate to the extent to which a person's behavior differs from others. If someone deviates from socially expected behavior, we are likely to form a dispositional attribution about the person's behavior.
66
Distinctiveness Cues
Refers to the extent to which a person engages in similar behavior across a series of scenarios. If one's behaviour varies in different scenarios, we are more likely to form a situational attribution to explain it.
67
Correspondent inference theory
When an individual unexpectedly performs a behavior that helps or hurts us, we tend to explain the behavior by dispositional attribution.
68
Actor-observer asymmetry (or bias)
Tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviours while making dispositional attributions for the identical behaviour of others. Results from the self-serving bias (by the actor) and the fundamental attribution error (by the observer).
69
Do individualist or collectivist cultures tend to make more fundamental attribution errors
Individualist cultures
70
Match the following: stereotypes, prejudices, discrimination with affective, behavioral, cognitive
Stereotypes are cognitive Prejudices are affective Discrimination is behavioral
71
Stereotype Content Model
Attempts to classify stereotypes with respect to a hypothetical in-group using 2 dimensions: warmth and competence. Warm groups are those that are not in direct competition with the in-group for resources Competent groups are those that have high status within society
72
Paternalistic stereotypes
Those in which the group is looked down upon as inferior, dismissed, or ignored. Low status and not competitive
73
Contemptuous stereotypes
Those in which the group is viewed with resentment, annoyance, or anger. Low status and competitive
74
Envious stereotypes
Those in which the group is viewed with jealousy, bitterness, or anger. High status and competitive
75
Admiration stereotypes
Those in which the group is viewed with pride and other positive feelings. High status, not competitive
76
Propaganda
Common way by which large organizations and political groups attempt to create prejudices in others.
77
Power
The ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite any obstacles, and their ability to control resources
78
Prestige
The level of respect shown to a person by others
79
Class
Refers to socioeconomic status