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Psych Biology > Social Thinking > Flashcards

Social Thinking Flashcards

1
Q

Interpersonal Attraction

A

what makes people like each other –> is influenced by multiple factors, including physical attractiveness, similarities, self-disclosure, reciprocity, and proximity

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2
Q

What increases physical attractiveness?

A

Symmetry and proportions close to the golden ratio (when a women’s waist is about 70% the size of her hips)

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3
Q

Self-diclosure

A

Includes sharing fears, thoughts, and goals with another person and being met with empathy and nonjudgment

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4
Q

Reciprocal liking

A

We like people who we think like us

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5
Q

Proximity

A

Being physically close to someone

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6
Q

Attachment

A

An emotional bond to another person; usually refers to the bond between a child and a caregiver. There are 4 types

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7
Q

What are the 4 types of attachment

A

Secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized

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8
Q

Secure attachment

A

Requires a consistent caregiver; the child will show strong preference for the caregiver. Child will be upset at departure of caregiver and will be comforted by the return of the caregiver

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9
Q

Ambivalent attachment

A

Occurs when a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress, sometimes responding appropriately, sometimes neglectful; the child will become distressed when caregiver leaves and is ambivalent when he or she returns

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10
Q

Avoidant Attachment

A

Occurs when a caregiver has little or no response to a distressed, crying child; the child shows no preference for the caregiver compared to strangers. Child shows little or no distress when caregiver leaves and little or no relief when caregiver returns

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11
Q

Disorganized attachment

A

Occurs when a caregiver is erratic or abusive; the child shows no clear pattern of behaviour in response to the caregiver’s absence or presence.

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12
Q

Social Support

A

The perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network

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13
Q

Emotional Support

A

Includes listening to, affirming, and empathizing with someone’s feelings

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14
Q

Esteem support

A

Affirms the qualities and skills of the person

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15
Q

Material support

A

Providing physical or monetary resources to aid a person

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16
Q

Informational support

A

Providing useful information to a person

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17
Q

Network support

A

Providing a sense of belonging to a person

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18
Q

Mating System

A

Describes the way in which a group is organized in terms of sexual behaviour

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19
Q

Monogamy

A

Consists of exclusive mating relationships

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20
Q

Polygamy

A

Consists of one member of a sex having multiple exclusive relationships with members of the opposite sex

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21
Q

Promiscuity

A

Allows a member of one sex to mate with any member of the opposite sex without exclusivity

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22
Q

Mate choice/intersexual selection

A

The selection of a mate based on attraction and traits

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23
Q

Altruism

A

A form of helping behaviour in which the person’s intent is to benefit someone else at some personal cost

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24
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

A measure of an organism’s success in the population –> based on the number of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and ability of offspring to support others

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25
Q

Social perception/social cognition

A

The way by which we generate impressions about people in our social environment; contains a perceiver, a target, and the situation or social context of the scenario

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26
Q

Implicit personality theory

A

States that people make assumptions about how different types of people, their traits, and their behaviour are related

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27
Q

Primacy Effect

A

Refers to when first impressions are more important than subsequent impressions

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28
Q

Recency Effect

A

When the most recent information we have about an individual is most important in forming our impressions

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29
Q

Reliance on central traits

A

The tendency to organize the perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics that matter to the perceiver

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30
Q

Halo Effect

A

Cognitive bias in which judgments of an individual’s character can be affected by the overall impression of the individual

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31
Q

Just-world Hypothesis

A

The tendency of individuals to believe that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people

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32
Q

Self-serving bias/self-serving attributional bias

A

Individuals will view their own successes as being based on internal factors, while viewing failures as being based on external factors

33
Q

Attribution theory

A

Focuses on the tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people’s behaviour

34
Q

Dispositional (internal) causes

A

Those that relate to the features of the person whose behaviour is being considered, including his or her beliefs, attitudes, and personality characteristics

35
Q

Situational (external) causes

A

Related to features of the surroundings or social context, such as threats, money, social norms, and peer pressure.

36
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

The bias towards making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions in regard to the actions of others, especially in negative contexts

37
Q

Attribute substitution

A

Occurs when individuals must make judgments that are complex but instead substitute a simpler solution or heuristic. Attributions are highly influenced by the culture in which one resides

38
Q

Stereotypes

A

Occurs when attitudes and impressions are made based on limited and superficial information about a person or a group of individuals

39
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

When stereotypes lead to expectation which creates conditions that lead to confirmation of a stereotype

40
Q

Stereotype threat

A

Concern or anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype about one’s social group. THhs may hinder performance, which may actually create a self-fulfilling prophecy

41
Q

Prejudice

A

Defined as an irrational positive or negative attitude toward a person, group, or thing prior to an actual experience with that entity

42
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

The practice of making judgments about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one’s own culture

43
Q

Cultural relativism

A

Refers to the recognition that social groups and cultures should be studied on their own terms

44
Q

Discrimination

A

When prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently from others

45
Q

Individual discrimination

A

Refers to one person discriminating against a particular person or group

46
Q

Institutional discrimination

A

Refers to the discrimination against a particular person or group by an entire institution

47
Q

Game theory

A

Attempts to explain decision-making behaviour

48
Q

Empathy-altruism hypothesis

A

One explanation for the relationship between empathy and helping behaviour; one individual helps another person when he or she feels empathy for the other person, regardless of the cost

49
Q

Cooperation

A

Both the donor and recipient benefit by cooperating

50
Q

Spite

A

both the donor and recipient are negatively impacted

51
Q

Selfishness

A

Donor benefits while recipient is negatively impacted

52
Q

Mere exposure/familiarity effect

A

Says that people prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently

53
Q

Cognitive neoassociation model

A

States that we are more likely to respond to others aggressively whenever we are feeling negative emotions, such as being tired, sick, frustrated, or in pain.

54
Q

Mate bias

A

Refers to how choosy members of the species are while choosing a mate; an evolutionary mechanism aimed at increasing the fitness of the species, and include direct and indirect benefits

55
Q

Direct benefits of mate bias.

A

Provides advantages to the mate, e.g. material advantages, protection, or emotional support

56
Q

Indirect benefits of mate bias

A

Provide advantages to the offspring

57
Q

5 recognized mechanisms of mate choice

A

Phenotypic benefits, sensory bias, fisherian/runaway selection, indicator traits, and genetic compatability

58
Q

Phenotypic benefits

A

Observable traits that make a potential mate more attractive to the opposite sex

59
Q

Sensory bias

A

Development of a trait to match a preexisting preference that exists in the population

60
Q

Fisherian/runaway selection

A

A positive feedback mechanism in which a particular trait that has no effect or negative effect on survival becomes more and more exaggerated over time.

61
Q

Indicator traits

A

Traits that signify overall good health and well-being of an organism, increasing its attractiveness to mates

62
Q

Genetic compatability

A

Creation of mate pairs, that, when combined, have complementary genetics

63
Q

Evolutionary stable strategy (ESS)

A

When an ESS is adopted by a given population in a specific environment, natural selection will prevent alternative strategies from arising; object is to become more fit than competitors.

64
Q

Consistency cues

A

Refer to the consistent behavior of a person over time. The more regular the behavior, the more we associate that behavior with the motives of the person

65
Q

Consensus cues

A

Relate to the extent to which a person’s behavior differs from others. If someone deviates from socially expected behavior, we are likely to form a dispositional attribution about the person’s behavior.

66
Q

Distinctiveness Cues

A

Refers to the extent to which a person engages in similar behavior across a series of scenarios. If one’s behaviour varies in different scenarios, we are more likely to form a situational attribution to explain it.

67
Q

Correspondent inference theory

A

When an individual unexpectedly performs a behavior that helps or hurts us, we tend to explain the behavior by dispositional attribution.

68
Q

Actor-observer asymmetry (or bias)

A

Tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviours while making dispositional attributions for the identical behaviour of others. Results from the self-serving bias (by the actor) and the fundamental attribution error (by the observer).

69
Q

Do individualist or collectivist cultures tend to make more fundamental attribution errors

A

Individualist cultures

70
Q

Match the following:
stereotypes, prejudices, discrimination
with
affective, behavioral, cognitive

A

Stereotypes are cognitive
Prejudices are affective
Discrimination is behavioral

71
Q

Stereotype Content Model

A

Attempts to classify stereotypes with respect to a hypothetical in-group using 2 dimensions: warmth and competence.
Warm groups are those that are not in direct competition with the in-group for resources
Competent groups are those that have high status within society

72
Q

Paternalistic stereotypes

A

Those in which the group is looked down upon as inferior, dismissed, or ignored. Low status and not competitive

73
Q

Contemptuous stereotypes

A

Those in which the group is viewed with resentment, annoyance, or anger. Low status and competitive

74
Q

Envious stereotypes

A

Those in which the group is viewed with jealousy, bitterness, or anger. High status and competitive

75
Q

Admiration stereotypes

A

Those in which the group is viewed with pride and other positive feelings. High status, not competitive

76
Q

Propaganda

A

Common way by which large organizations and political groups attempt to create prejudices in others.

77
Q

Power

A

The ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite any obstacles, and their ability to control resources

78
Q

Prestige

A

The level of respect shown to a person by others

79
Q

Class

A

Refers to socioeconomic status

Psych Biology (11 decks)

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