Societies Flashcards
What is nomadic?
Move to where the resources are
Following the food source
What are patterns of subsistence and what is the most shared one(s)?
Hunt, gather, fish
Usually the hunting is hared among the group
What are Pastoralists ? What type of environment do they adapt to? What do they produce?
They rely on livestock for subsistence (Food, trade)
They adapt to areas not suitable for growing crops
They produce a small surplus of animals they have making sure they don’t let the herd get “too big”
What does the ownership of livestock reflect within Pastoralists societies?
Ownership of livestock is based on kinship ties
What are Horticulturalists ? What do they grow? What’s their land use like? Whats their surplus like?
Horticulturalists grow root crops (yams, potatoes, etc) but don’t use
They have extensive land use
And produce only a small surplus
What does ownership of land reflect on Horticulturalists?
Ownership of the land is informal and is inherited through family lines
Smaller plots of land
Common for the women to do the gardening
Men clear the land
What do Agriculturalists grow? What do they use? Whats their land use like? Whats surplus like?
Agriculturalists grow crops or rice crops, the use irrigation, fertilizers, plow and draught animals. They have inensive land use and produce very large surplus.
How is land used by agriculturalists? What kind of populations?
Land is owned by the state and “rented” to farmers
It supports the largest populations
Definition of Economic systems
Activities by means of which people procure and distribute the material goods they consume
Definition of Exchange
The transfer of goods between individuals or groups
What is reciprocity?
The giving and taking of objects without the use of money or other media of exchange (Ill do something for you if you do something for me)
What is Generalized Reciprocity?
No return is expected
Usually done with close family members
It is universal
What is Balanced Reciprocity?
An equal exchange is expected
Usually done between trading partners
Universal
What is negative reciprocity?
Unbalanced exchange for profit
Usually done with strangers
Not found among foragers
Try to get the best out of the deal to make a proft
What is Silent Trade?
two groups who do an exchange. Two groups with a designated spot to trade, Group A sends out a delegation to the spot, drop off trade goods then leaves. Groub B goes to designated spot, drops off what they think is fair trade and leave without taking anything. Then A comes back and if they like the exchange they take it, etc.
Mutual pacts of defense also count
