Socio - cultural influences Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
What are the physiological differences between males and females?
A
- males usually have more speed, power and strength
- males have longer limbs, larger skeletal muscles, less fat, larger hearts and lungs and more red blood cells than women
2
Q
What is a stereotype?
A
widely held but fixed and oversimplified idea of a particular type of person or group
3
Q
What are examples of stereotypical views about women?
A
- women who are competitive are not being feminine
- too much physical activity limits a woman’s ability to give birth
- a woman’s role is to be a carer, mother and manager of the home and this prevents involvement in sport
4
Q
What other barriers to participation have been put in place which discourage woman from participating?
A
- less media coverage than men
- less support
- facilities have developed more slowly than those for male performers
- lack o role models
- women’s sport is sexualised
5
Q
How does culture affect participation?
A
different cultures place different emphases on sport
92% of South Asian women do not meet the recommended levels of physical activity
6
Q
How does race affect participation?
A
- Some ethnic groups have high regard for certain sports, e.g. India and cricket, and this can influence participation.
- Some people from ethnic minority groups may feel they ‘don’t belong’ in certain sports due to perceived prejudice or lack of role models, e.g. ethnicity could be a barrier for an Asian teenager to get into cycling as there is a lack of opportunities or role models
7
Q
How does religion affect participation?
A
- Some religions can act as barriers, e.g. Muslim women often choose to keep their bodies covered up, which may affect them doing sports like swimming.
- During Ramadan, people are not allowed to eat or drink during daylight hours – so Muslim athletes may have little energy when taking part in sports during this time.
8
Q
How does age affect participation?
A
Young people:
- PE is compulsory in schools
- after leaving school, participation levels drop, especially in girls
Older people:
- restricted by physical fitness which declines with age
- may gain weight and lose flexibility
9
Q
How do family/friends/peers affect participation?
A
- positive though financial/transport/moral/emotional support of a performer
- parents my act as positive role model for their children
- lack of family support can be a negative influence on participation
- peer groups exert pressure on friends and are a big influence on participation
10
Q
How does disability affect participation?
A
- about 1 in 6 of the population
- lower participation
11
Q
What are the 3 main categories of disability?
A
- mobility impairments
- sensory impairments
- mental impairments
12
Q
How can we include those with a disability?
A
- new sports such as Boccia
- needs staff/volunteers with positive attitude, effect communication and ability to adapt activities
13
Q
Define disability
A
A physical or mental impairment that has a substantial and long term negative effect on a person’s ability to do normal daily activities such as sport
14
Q
Define role model
A
A person looked up to by others as an example to be copied
15
Q
What are the barriers to participation?
A
- attitudes
- role models
- accessibility (to facilities/clubs/activities)
- media coverage
- sexism/stereotyping
- culture/religion/religious festivals
- family commitments
- available leisure time
- familiarity
- education
- socio-economic factors/disposable income
adaptability/inclusiveness.
16
Q
How are attitudes a barrier to participation?
A
- opinion about something and means that people have a tendency to respond in a certain way towards something
- can be positive or negative
- negative attitudes means may not participate
17
Q
How do role models affect participation?
A
- tend to encourage participation in sport
- may also encourage people to play in a certain way and even influence fashion choices both on and off the field
18
Q
How does accessibility affect participation?
A
- if the facility is not easily available, then participation becomes difficult
- if the facility cannot cater to everyone’s needs such as those with a disability then it can be difficult for them to participate
19
Q
How does media coverage affect participation?
A
- generates role models
- encourages participation
- supporters become better informed
- attendances may rise as people want to see the best players/role models
20
Q
What are the negatives of media coverage?
A
- only few sports shown on TV
- events can be sensationalised to promote the media rather than the sport
- can sexualise athletes
21
Q
How is sexism a barrier to participation?
A
- 1.9 million fewer women than man take participate in sport in sport at least once a month
- Only 7% of all media coverage is dedicated to woman’s sport
- Women make up only 18% of qualified coaches
Less than 1% of sports sponsorship goes to women’s sport
22
Q
How are family commitments a barrier to participation?
A
- positive through actively supporting the performer
- parents act as role models for children
- lack of family support can be negative influence on participation
Roles within a family can limit participation:
- child minding
- part time jobs
- role as carer
23
Q
How is available leisure time a barrier to participation?
A
- leisure time is increasing because of technology
- obstacles are access to leisure and participation during leisure such as time, money, work
24
Q
How are socio-economic factors/disposable income barriers to participation?
A
- participation is dependent on disposable income
- some socio-economic groups have limited leisure time because of working hours
- some activities are associated with certain socio-economic groups which leads to possible rejection/discrimination
- some activities still have restrictive membership or are expensive so tend to be dominated by certain socio-economic groups
25
Define commercialisation
the process by which a new product or service is introduced into the general market
26
Explain the relationship between sport, sponsorship and the media.
Sport receives money from business sponsors to advertise and increase brand awareness and from the media to showcase the sport. Sponsors can showcase their brand to increase profit via the media as sports spectators buy the businesses product. The media can gain money from subscribers who want to watch the sport on television.
27
What are the types of sponsorship?
- financial
- clothing and equipment, including footwear
- facilities
28
What are the types of media?
- television
- radio
- the press
- the internet
- social media
29
What are the benefits of sponsorship for performer?
equipment, clothing or footwear (may be wider benefit to team/club)
travel, accommodation
competition fees
= less stress from financial worry.
30
What are the benefits of sponsorship for sport
Increased income for sports with less reliance on spectator income.
Pays for coaching and coach development, beginner programmes, talent development.
Develops new competitions – more media interest.
31
What are the benefits of sponsorship for officials?
Full-time officials can be paid £50,000–£100,000 per year
More frequent matches – officiated by a few high-calibre officials, who become famous.
Matches held around world – so they get to travel.
32
What are the benefits of sponsorship for spectators?
More money in the sport means they can watch better players, attend better facilities/stadia.
Huge TV screens – replays, statistics, camera angles – better informed.
More opportunities to watch different sports – changing format – longer seasons/more matches.
Dedicated TV and radio channels – sport-specific newspapers and websites.
33
What are the benefits of sponsorship for sponsors?
Increases sales/revenue/tax relief.
Promotes positive and healthy image of company/product by being linked to popular activity (reputation).
Can control over what, when and who is shown on TV.
Raises awareness of company, brand, products and services.
Rewards/incentives for staff and customers – corporate hospitality.
34
What are the benefits of media for performers?
Fame and fortune if they are media friendly.
Possible career after retirement from the sport.
Media interest attracts sponsors.
35
What are the benefits of media on sport?
Raises awareness of a sport.
Promotes healthy active lifestyles and sport’s positive values.
Presents inspiring role models and sets high standards for performance.
Provides examples of skills and tactics and informed commentaries.
Increases numbers of spectators.
Generates revenue and attracts investment for sport.
36
What are the benefits of media on officials?
Increased income – enables professional officials to make a living.
Media reinforces decisions as correct – could lead to a rapid rise in reputation (fame/fortune).
Raises status and respect for officials.
37
What are the benefits of media on spectators?
More sports/matches available to watch.
Dedicated sports channels on TV/radio.
Sports-based websites/social media platforms.
Become more knowledgeable due to more information about sport.
38
What are the benefits of media on sponsor?
Huge audiences see company name/product.
Control over what, when and who is shown on TV.
Can place logos/brands for maximum exposure on camera.
39
What are the disadvantages of sponsorship for performer?
- Performer’s poor results may lose sponsorship (may encourage cheating)
- Elite performers restrict lifestyle because of fame and media intrusion.
- Can be manipulated or exploited to suit the sponsor
- Forced to use sponsor’s product/brand even if it’s inadequate/ unsuitable.
40
What are the disadvantages of sponsorship for sport?
Sponsorship can be limited or easily withdrawn – no security.
Some sponsorship (for example, alcohol) gives a bad image to sport.
Performers, teams and events can be manipulated or exploited to suit the sponsor.
Difficulty of minor sports or those with little media coverage failing to attract sponsorship.
41
What are the disadvantages of sponsorship for officials?
Officials in media spotlight over decisions, which can result in severe criticism.
Officials get the same accusations as players, e.g. they are not performing well, being biased, cheating, etc.
Loss of privacy – some officials are as famous as players.
42
What are the disadvantages of sponsorship for spectators?
Increasing cost of tickets – limited numbers of ‘real’ fans.
More people watch from home so isolated from live match.
Restrictions as to what is available to buy – sponsor’s drinks, meals, kit, etc.
43
What are disadvantages of sponsorship for sponsors?
Status of product linked to success..
If event is disrupted (e.g. Covid), media exposure and advertising potential are lost.
If sport or performers cause bad publicity, it reflects badly on sponsor.
Uncertain investment – success/ publicity not guaranteed.
Affected by, e.g. crowd trouble, poor results, cheating or drug taking
44
What are the positive impacts of technology on performers?
Improved performance – fitness and skill levels improve.
Better medical care – fewer injuries/faster recovery.
Coaches’ feedback is more focused, objective and beneficial.
Improved clothing/footwear/
equipment – more comfortable, efficient and safer.
Performer becomes part of a team, not isolated.
45
What are the negative impacts of technology on performers?
Invades privacy – personal time becomes part of professional life.
Too much emphasis on winning rather than the taking part.
Tempts athletes and coaches to cheat to compensate for lack of technology.
Availability and cost – makes success in sport available only to people and countries who can afford it.
46
What are the positive impacts of technology on sport?
Interest and participation increases.
Promotes new and different opportunities in sport, especially those with less funding.
Leads to more media coverage and income.
Makes officials’ decisions appear more objective.
Improves safety.
47
What are the negative impacts of technology on sport?
Increases costs to both sports and participants.
Reduces the levels of mental well-being that you get from escaping modern-day pressures/routines.
Sponsors become more interested in technology than sport or athletes.
48
What are the positive impacts of technology on officials?
Better communication, decision-making, judging, time-keeping, record-keeping.
Information stored and shared quickly and easily.
Officials part of a team – less pressure on individuals.
Decisions/scoring are more reliable and accurate.
Increased confidence and trust in officials’ decisions.
49
What are the negative impacts of technology on officials?
Reduced trust in people’s decisions – ‘do we still need cricket umpires/ tennis line-judges?’.
Not available for all levels of competition.
Can become over-reliant on technology, at the expense of fair decisions.
Some argue it undermines honesty, integrity and the spirit of fair play.
Loss of respect for officials’ knowledge and expertise.
50
What are the positive impacts of technology on spectators?
Can feel more involved via more interaction – apps, voting, multiple camera views, statistics, red button on TV, etc.
Digital media increases access to a wider range of sports.
Social media – allows fans to link and share views with others, including performers, across the world.
Visual and rule technologies can make the sport more exciting to watch.
51
What are the negative impacts of technology on spectators?
Waiting for rulings can reduce the atmosphere of live events.
May only be interested in events supported by technology.
Increases spectator/broadcaster costs.
Social media enables direct verbal attacks on individual athletes.
52
What are the positive impacts of technology on sponsors?
Link with successful performer or team makes people more likely to want to buy sponsor’s product.
Improved sales of new or cutting-edge products.
Improved reputation of being associated with a sport that uses new technologies.
53
What are the negative impacts of technology on sponsors?
If team or individual does not perform well/is unsuccessful – link with them may make people not want to buy the sponsor’s product.
Being associated with an unsuccessful technology or one seen as unethical may reduce reputation and sales.
Expensive technologies may need to be paid for via higher sponsorship costs.
54
Define etiquette
the unwritten rules or customs concerning player behaviour
55
Define sportsmanship
Appropriate, polite and fair behaviour while participating and using etiquette in a sporting event.
56
Define gamesmanship
Using dubious methods that are not strictly illegal, to gain an advantage.
57
Define contract to complete
Unwritten but assumed relationship that all performers have with their sport and with the other participants.
58
Name 6 prohibited substances
1. stimulants
2. narcotic analgesic
3. anabolic agents
4. peptide hormones
5. diuretics
6. beta blockers
59
What are positives of stimulants?
Substances that speed up parts of the brain and body, e.g. amphetamines and caffeine.
Caffeine is often used by endurance athletes to better transport fat in blood and lessen pain.
Makes performers more alert, e.g. sprinters who need a fast reaction time at the start of a race.
Whether or not caffeine is banned varies.
60
What are negatives of stimulants?
Highly addictive.
Side effects can include high blood pressure, strokes and heart and liver problems.
Increase the risk of injury – performer more tolerant of pain so continues to train or compete with injury.
Caffeine can also cause diarrhoea and disrupt sleep patterns.
61
What are the positives of narcotic analgesics?
Speed up recovery from training/overtraining.
Allow performer to mask pain/compete with an injury.
62
What are the negatives of narcotic analgesics?
If taken to mask injury, injury can worsen.
Side effects: constipation and low blood pressure; loss of concentration leading to possible coma.
Highly addictive.
63
What are the positives of anabolic agents?
Taken to increase the rate and amount of muscle growth – examples are anabolic steroids.
Speed up recovery – able to train harder and more frequently.
Taken to build up body weight and increase size and strength of muscles.
64
What are the side effects of anabolic agents?
Shrinks testicles in men/causes high blood pressure and damages the liver, kidneys and heart.
Makes user more aggressive.
Women may develop more body hair, smaller breasts and a deeper voice.
65
What are the positives of diuretics?
Taken to remove water from the body – do not actually improve performance.
Used to lose weight rapidly, e.g. for jockeys and boxers.
Dilutes presence of other PEDs and aids removal from body in urine.
66
What are the side effects of direutics?
Cause severe dehydration, low blood pressure and muscle cramps.
67
What are positive of betablockers?
Reduces effects of nervousness and adrenaline.
Reduces heart rate, muscle tension and blood pressure.
Improves fine motor control/ preciseness.
68
What are side effects of betablockers?
Thickening of blood (increased blood viscosity).
Potential infection.
Potential for heart attack and embolism (blockage of blood vessel).
69
What is blood doping/peptide hormones (EPO)
Involves removal of blood a few weeks prior to competition.
Blood is frozen and reinjected just before competition.
EPO increases production of red blood cells, which increases oxygen delivery to muscles.
Reduces muscle fatigue in endurance events.
70
What are the negatives of peptide hormones?
Blood thickens so heart has to pump harder, increasing risk of stroke or heart attack.
Higher blood pressure.
Reduces body’s natural ability to make EPO.
71
What are the advantages of a performer taking PEDs?
- increased chances of success
- fame
- wealth
- level playing field.
72
What are the disadvantages of PEDs on a performer?
- cheating/immoral
- associated health risks
- fines
- bans
- reputational damage.
- wider impact such as damaging team's or country's reputation
- guilt and emotional impact
73
What are the disadvantages of PEDs on the sport?
- Reputation of a sport fades if PEDs are used extensively, e.g. cycling has suffered recently after several high-profile PED users were exposed.
- Loss of credibility for individual/event/sport/country.
- May lead to loss of income and sponsorship deals.
74
What are the positive influence of spectators at matches/events?
- creation of atmosphere
- cheering team or individual supported; whistling or booing opposition.
- home-field advantage (for home team/individuals).
75
What are the negative influences of spectator behaviour?
- intimidating atmosphere hinders both home and away performance – expectation of positive result increases pressure to perform.
- It is expensive to ensure safety.
- Potential crowd trouble must be controlled – extra concerns and costs for clubs and authorities.
- Crowd trouble has negative effect for those watching – especially younger spectators.
76
What is hooliganism?
rowdy, violent or destructive behaviour
77
What are the reasons for hooliganism?
- rivalries
- hype of game by media to increase sales
- fuelled by alcohol/drugs
- gang culture
- frustration (eg at official's decisions)
- display of masculinity.
78
What are the strategies to combat hooliganism?
- Early kick-offs to prevent excess alcohol consumption.
- All-seater stadia reduce movement and allow control over ticket distribution.
- Segregation of fans both travelling and within grounds.
- Travel restrictions/banning orders for troublemakers.
- Alcohol bans/restrictions.
- Improved policing and stewarding for better crowd control.
- CCTV cameras at grounds and entrances to spot trouble early/identify and eject known hooligans.
- Clubs with poor fan behaviour are banned from competitions, fined or forced to play behind closed doors or away from home/at a neutral venue.
- High-profile role models appeal for better behaviour.
- Campaigns such as ‘Kick racism out of football’ to lessen influence of racist movements within football supporters.
