Sports psychology Flashcards
(51 cards)
1
Q
Define skill
A
A learned action/behaviour with the intention of bringing about predetermined results with maximum certainty and minimum outlay of time and energy
passing, shooting, heading
2
Q
Define ability
A
A stable trait inherited from your parents that determines your potential to learn or acquire skill
Balance, agility and co-ordination is an example of an ability
3
Q
What are the 4 classification of skills?
A
basic -> complex
open -> closed
self- paced -> externally paced
gross -> fine
4
Q
Describe the features of a basic skill
A
- few decisions to be made
- few decisions actually affect the success of the movement
- tend to be taught as a beginner
- learned fairly quickly
5
Q
Describe the features of a complex skill
A
- complex decision-making
- lots of decisions to be made in order to be successful
- tend to be taught after experiencing success in basic skills
- can take considerable time to master
6
Q
Describe the features of a open skill
A
- unstable environment
- the way you do the skill and how you do it is affected by people around you
- externally paced
6
Q
Describe the features of a closed skill
A
- stable environment
- the way you do the skill and how you do it is not affected by the people around you nor the environment
- self-paced
7
Q
Describe the features of a self paced skill
A
- start of the movement is controlled by the performer
- the speed, pace or rate of the movement is controlled by you
8
Q
Describe the features of an externally paced skill
A
- the start of the movement is controlled by external factors
- the speed, pace or rate of the movement is controlled by external factors
9
Q
Describe the features of a gross skill
A
- involves big movement of the body
- involves the use of large muscle groups
- movements tend not to rely on accuracy and precision
10
Q
Describe the features of a fine skill
A
- involves small, precise movements
- involves the use of small muscle groups
- movements tend to involve precision and accuracy
11
Q
What are the 2 types of goals?
A
- performance goals
- outcome goals
12
Q
Define performance goal
A
- personal standards to be achieved
- the performer compares their performance against what they have already one or suggests what they are going to do
- no comparison with other performers
13
Q
Define outcome goal
A
focus on the end result e.g winning
involves comparison against other performers
the standard of the performance is not as important as the outcome
14
Q
Why should outcome goals be avoided?
A
- rely on factors that cannot be controlled e.g other performers
- beginners prefer to avoid outcome goals because failure can demotivate/winning may be an unrealistic goal
15
Q
What are the SMART targets of goal setting?
A
- specific
- measurable
- accepted
- realistic
- time bound
16
Q
What is the input stage?
A
- performer takes in information from the display (sense - sigh, hearing)
- they choose which sense is the most important to them at that time
- for example, sight when watching a tennis ball flying through the air
- this is called selective attention, i.e attending to the most relevant sense
17
Q
What is the decision-making stage?
A
- an appropriate response is chosen from memory
- the response is perhaps from anything done in last 30 seconds (STM) otherwise it has to be recalled from the long-term memory
18
Q
What is the output stage?
A
- the chosen activity/skill is sent to the appropriate muscles from the STM to carry out the movement
- e.g signal sent to the leg muscles to run
19
Q
What is the feedback stage?
A
- information is received via intrinsic and/pr form others (extrinsic) feedback regarding the success or not of the action
- feedback received may affect how you complete this skill in the future
- you can feel the ball in the hands (intrinsic) and your teammates cheer when you catch it (extrinsic)
20
Q
What are all the types of feedback?
A
- positive
- negative
- knowledge of results
- knowledge of performance
- extrinsic
- intrinsic
21
Q
What is positive feedback?
A
- stresses how well the performer has done
- generally given when success has been achieved and tends to be needed more by beginners
22
Q
What is negative feedback?
A
- accentuates the negative actions and is generally given in response to failure
- tends to be needed more by elite performers
23
Q
What is knowledge of results (KR)?
A
- feedback about the outcome/result
- based on whether something has been a success or not and may be given by others or achieved from internal sources
- is best for beginners who need to know if the result has been a success or not. Elite athletes tend to know the result without being told
24
What is knowledge of performance (KP)?
- feedback about the movement itself and the technique that was used
- It does not involve information specifically about the result, although the correct movement often does bring about the intended result.
- best for elite performers who need to fine tune their technique to maximise the chances of success
- It may be too technical for beginners to understand
25
What is extrinsic feedback?
- feedback that is received from an outside source via vision (seeing) or hearing
- generally received via a coach, although it could be given by a family member, teammate or member of the opposition
- useful for beginners who cannot interpret their own feedback
26
What is intrinsic feedback?
- comes from the performer themselves
- received via the proprioceptors in the muscles and is often known as kinaesthetic feedback
- Experts can interpret and understand their own intrinsic feedback.
27
What are the types of guidance?
- visual (seeing)
- verbal (hearing)
- manual (assisting movement – physical)
- mechanical (using objects/aids).
28
What are the advantages and disadvantages of verbal guidance?
- instructions can be given quickly
- can be used during performance
- no equipment required
- some movements are hard to explain
- relies on the coach's communication skills being good enough so that the performer can understand the information
29
What are the advantages and disadvantages of visual guidance?
- performer can copy the movement
- can be used with groups
- if demonstration is poor, incorrect movement can be learned
- time consuming/expensive if video
- as complex or quick movements are difficult to see clearly, can be difficult to recognise what the actions is and to copy it
30
What are the advantages and disadvantages of manual guidance?
- performer can get a feel for the movement
- builds confidence
31
What are the advantages and disadvantages of mechanical guidance?
- performer can get a feel for the movement
- builds confidence
- reduces danger
- feeling is not the same as actually doing it unaided
- performer can become dependent on the support
- incorrect feel can lead to incorrect movement being learned
- cannot normally be used with large groups
32
Define arousal
‘A physical (physiological) and mental (psychological) state of alertness or readiness varying from deep sleep to intense excitement or alertness.’
33
Explain the inverted U theory
- As arousal increases, so does performance.
- Up to an optimal point.
- If arousal increases further, then performance will drop.
34
What techniques can be used to control arousal?
- deep breathing
- mental rehearsal/visualisation/imagery
- positive self-talk.
35
What is deep breathing?
- somatic/physical technique
- exaggerating breaths in and out
- helps to control arousal and focus their thoughts on the task in hand
- focus mind on crucial points
36
What is mental rehearsal?
- involves the performer picturing themselves performing the skill perfectly
- relax and focuses the mind
- can be used during or before a performance
37
What is positive self talk?
- mental/cognitive technique
- performer talks to themselves in their heads in a positive way
- relax their body and mind, controlling their arousal levels
38
What are the 2 types of aggression?
- indirect aggression
- direct aggression
39
What is direct aggression?
- when there is actual physical contact between performers
- the aggressor uses physical contact to directly and deliberately inflict harm on their opponent
- boxer punching below the belt
40
What is indirect aggression?
- does not involve physical contact
- aggressive act is taken out on an object to gain an advantage over an opponent
- does not physically harm or injure and the act may be within the rules of the sport
- 'harm' is usually mental harm
- smashing a tennis ball very hard
41
What are the 2 main personality types?
- introverts
- extroverts
42
What are the traits of an introvert?
- does not need high level of arousal
- shy/quiet/thoughtful
- happy in their own company
- self-motivated so don't need others to motivate them
- often play individual sports
- concentration/precision (fine skill) is required
43
What are the traits of an extrovert?
- high level of arousal
- lack concentration and often seek exciting situations
- sociable/enthusiastic/talkative
- prone to boredom when by themselves
- play team sports
- fast pace
- gross skills are used.
44
What are the 2 types of motivation?
- intrinsic motivation
- extrinsic motivation
45
What is intrinsic motivation?
- the drive that comes from within the performer themselves.
- the need to achieve something may have the reward of a feeling of pride, self-satisfaction or general achievement.
- the performer is driven to achieve something for the feeling it brings them.
- performers may take great pride and satisfaction from their own performance.
46
What is extrinsic motivation?
- the drive experienced by a performer when striving to achieve an external reward.
- reward may be things you can touch (prizes) or things you can’t touch (praise
47
What can rewards be divided into?
- tangible rewards (trophies, medals)
- intangible rewards (applause, praise, feedback)
48
What type of motivation is more effective?
Intrinsic as the overuse of extrinsic can undermine the strength of intrinsic
intrinsic is more likely to lead to continued effort and participation
49
Why is extrinsic motivation less effective?
Performer can become reliant on extrinsic and if they lose then they may not have motivation as they are not receiving anything satisfactory
50
What is good about extrinsic motivation?
may result in feelings of pride/self satisfaction
