Sociocultural Theories/Key Info Flashcards
(25 cards)
What is Social Identity Theory (SIT)
A theory in which the formation of a person’s identity within a particular social group is explained by four psychological mechanisms: social categorisation, social identification, social comparison and positive distinctiveness.
Social Categorisation
Identifying which groups we belong to (in-group) and which groups we don’t (out-group), thus creating ‘us’ and ‘them’.
Social Comparasion
Favorably comparing our in-group to an out-group in ways that raise our self-esteem
Social Idenitification
Adopting the norms and characteristics of our in-group
Positive Distinctiveness
The motivation to show that our in-group is preferable to an out-group
What is Social Cognitive Theory
*Proposed by Bandura (1986).
*Reciprocal determinism: alternative to free will that suggests behaviour is a result of an interaction between biology & environmental interactions.
Which 4 Aspects Describe The Process of Observational Learning in SCT? (ARRP)
Attention: observing modelled characteristics.
Retention: remembering & transforming model.
Reproduction: performed remembered characteristics.
Motivation: imaging outcome of behaviour.
What is Vicarious Reinforcement?
Copying someone to get the same, positive outcome as them
What is Self-efficacy?
The perception of our abilities
What Causes Self-efficacy?
- Performance accomplishments (past success)
- Vicarious experiences (watching others… )
- Verbal persuasion (encouragement from…)
- Physiological arousal (motivation)
What is a Stereotype
A “stereotype” is a mental representation and a form of social categorisation made about specific individuals or a group and its members.
What is a Stereotype Threat
Spotlight anxiety - Affects the performance of the individual if they are being discriminated due to stereotyping.
What are Some Effects of Stereotyping
Afraid of doing something that confirms that you belong to the stereotypical group.
Conforming to the social norms of the particular stereotype. (Self-fulfilling prophecy)
Individuals must relate to and believe in the stereotype
Discrimination
Prejudice
Labeling, stigmatisation
In extreme cases, genocide
Cultural Dimensions
Refers to how the values of a society affect behaviour. A dimension describes the trends of behaviour in a given culture.
Enculturation
The process by which an individual absorbs and learns the norms, traditions, rituals, attitudes, and practices of the culture into which they are born and raised.
How is Enculturation Transferred
Vertically (by parents), horizontally (by siblings, friends), and obliquely (by other adults, celebrities, media, and social organisations).
What is Acculturation
Process of adapting to and acquiring another culture
What is Globalisation
Globalisation is the process of interaction and integration among people of different nations that is driven by international trade and investment aided by modern information technology. Globalisation contributes to an increasing interconnectedness among different people and cultures because it involves the formation of shared norms and knowledge.
What is Conformity
A type of social influence involves a change in belief or behaviour to fit in with a group. For example, dressing the same, listening to the same music etc
What are Out-Group’s
“them” - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup
What are In-Group’s
“us” - people with whom we share a common identity
What is Ethnocentrism
A belief in the superiority of ones own ethnic and cultural group, and a corresponding disregard for all other groups
What is illusory correlation
The phenomenon of perceiving a relationship between variables even where no such relationship exists
What is Individualism
Identity is defined by personal characteristics (e.g. individual choices and achievements)
