Socioemotional Development in Infancy

Question 1

biological foundation of emotions

Answer 1

evolution endowed humans to be emotional, but embeddedness in culture and relationships provide diversity in emotional experiences

Question 2

types of emotions (Lewis)

Answer 2

primary (happiness, anger, fear, joy) and self-conscious (pride, doubt, jealousy)

Question 3

types of babies cries

Answer 3

3 - basic, anger and pain

Question 4

two fears infants develop in first year

Answer 4

stranger anxiety and separation anxiety

Question 5

temperament

Answer 5

involves behavioral styles, emotions and characteristic ways of responding

Question 6

Chess & Thomas

Answer 6

classified infants as easy, difficult, or slow to warm up

Question 7

Kagan proposed that inhibition…

Answer 7

to the unfamiliar is an important temperament category

Question 8

Rothbart & Bates temperament classification

Answer 8

extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, effortful control (self-regulation)

Question 9

physiology & termperament

Answer 9

children inherit a physiology that biases them to a specific type of temperament, but through experience they can learn to modify it

Question 10

goodness of fit

Answer 10

the match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with

Question 11

general recommendations for caregivers

Answer 11

be sensitive to individual characteristics of the child; be flexible in responding to those characteristics; avoid negatively labeling the child

Question 12

Erikson’s first stage (first year of life)

Answer 12

trust vs. mistrust

Question 13

Erikson’s second stage (2nd year of life)

Answer 13

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Question 14

attachment

Answer 14

close emotional bond between two people; Bowlby said infants and mothers are predisposed to form attachment

Question 15

three types insecure attachment

Answer 15

avoidant, resistant and disorganized

Question 16

Ainsworth - Strange Situation

Answer 16

observational method of attachment; secure attachment in 1st year of life provides important foundation for psychological development later in life

Question 17

caregivers of avoidant babies

Answer 17

caregivers are unavailable or rejecting

Question 18

caregivers of resistant babies

Answer 18

caregivers are inconsistently available and usually not very affectionate

Question 19

caregivers of disorganized babies

Answer 19

caregivers often neglect or physically abuse their babies

Question 20

Belsky’s model

Answer 20

describes direct and indirect effects of marital relations, parenting and infant behavior