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English Language- AO2 > Sociolect and Occupation > Flashcards

Sociolect and Occupation Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Facework theory suggest and who proposed it?

A
  • Goffman
  • People ‘work’ to present themselves in a way which will prove socially advantageous
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2
Q

What are the parts of the Facework theory?

A
  1. Footing
  2. Face
  3. Line
  4. Face threatening acts
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3
Q

What is footing and what theory is it apart of?

A
  • Goffman’s Facework theory
  • A speakers stance towards another participant in a conversation
  • Judgements of social status
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4
Q

What is face and what theory is it apart of?

A
  • Goffman’s Facework theory
  • The social value a person claims for themselves to ‘save face’
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5
Q

What is line and what theory is it apart of?

A
  • Goffman’s Facework theory
  • A pattern of verbal/non verbal acts in which you express yourself
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6
Q

What are face threatening acts and what theory is it apart of?

A
  • Goffman’s Facework theory
  • Communicative acts that impinge on a hearer’s need to be respected
  • Speakers may perform these to ‘dent’ another speaker’s face, attempting to diminish their social standing to enhance their own
  • When an attempt to dent our face has been made we must do some lacework and adjust our line to repair our face
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7
Q

What are the 2 faces and what theory are they apart of?

A
  • Goffman’s Facework theory
  1. Positive face- need to be liked and accepted + we try to satisfy the positive face wants of others by expressing admiration or showing express
  2. Negative face- our right not to be imposed on or interrupted
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8
Q

What is repair to face and what theory are they apart of?

A
  • Goffman’s Facework theory
  • Facework done after receiving a face threatening act
  • Adjusting the line in order to regain social status
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9
Q

What is the politeness theory and who proposed it?

A
  • Brown and Levinson
  • Strategies are developed to save the hearer’s ‘face’
  • Politeness strategies are developed to tea; with face threatening acts
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10
Q

What are the 3 parts of the politeness theory?

A
  1. Bald on record
  2. Positive politness
  3. Negative politeness
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11
Q

What is bald on record and what theory is it apart of?

A
  • Brown and Levinson’s Politeness theory
  • Strategy involving no effort by the speaker to reduce the impact of face threatening acts
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12
Q

What is positive politeness and what theory is it apart of?

A
  • Brown and Levinson’s Politeness theory
  • Strategies to minimise the social distance between speaker and audience
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13
Q

What is negative politeness and what theory is it apart of?

A
  • Brown and Levinson’s Politeness theory
  • Strategies to minimise the effects of unavoidable face threatening acts
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14
Q

What is the accommodation theory and who proposed it?

A
  • Howard Giles
  • Speakers adjust their speech to accommodate the other participants in the conversation
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15
Q

What are the 4 parts of the accommodation theory?

A
  1. Upwards convergence
  2. Downwards convergence
  3. Mutual convergence
  4. Divergence
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16
Q

What is upwards convergence and what theory is it apart of?

A
  • Howard Giles’ Accommodation theory
  • When a speaker of a lower status attempts to converge towards the language characteristics of a higher speaker
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17
Q

What is downwards convergence and what theory is it apart of?

A
  • Howard Giles’ Accommodation theory
  • When a speaker adopts the language characteristics of a person they’re addressing
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18
Q

What is mutual convergence and what theory is it apart of?

A
  • Howard Giles’ Accommodation theory
  • Both speakers converge to linguistically ‘meet in the middle’
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19
Q

What is divergence and what theory is it apart of?

A
  • Howard Giles’ Accommodation theory
  • When speakers’ style of speech move further apart, increasing social distance
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20
Q

What is code switching?

A

Shifting from the use of 1 linguistic characteristic to another

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21
Q

What is diglossia?

A

2 linguistic varieties existing alongside in a community; one ‘high’ and one ‘low’ variety

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22
Q

What are the 2 types of prestige and who suggested them?

A
  • Labov
  1. Overt
  2. Covert
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23
Q

What is overt prestige and who suggested it?

A
  • Labov
  • Prestige associated with observing perceived social norms and behaving in a socially desirable manner
  • E.g. received pronunciation
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24
Q

What is covert prestige and who suggested it?

A
  • Labov
  • Prestige that derives from behaviour that flouts perceived social norms and conventions
  • E.g. regional accents
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25
Q

Who created the restricted and elaborated code theory?

A

Basil Bernstein

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26
Q

What is restricted code and who suggested it?

A
  • Basil Bernstein
  • How we speak to people who share similar interests, experiences or expectations of the world
  • Can depend on a local cultural identity
  • Expresses similarity between speaker and listener
  • Reinforces group identity
  • Simple vocabulary and often predictable conversations
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27
Q

What is elaborated code and who suggested it?

A
  • Basil Bernstein
  • Language use is less concerned with the group and more with the individual
  • Consists of standard syntax, more subordinate clauses and fewer unfinished sentences
  • More logical connectives: “if/unless”
  • Wider vocabulary and harder to predict conversation
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28
Q

What is the conversational maxims theory and who proposed it?

A
  • Paul Grice
  • A successful, cooperative conversation relies on 4 principles which will usually be observed
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29
Q

What are the 4 conversational maxims and what theory are they apart of?

A
  • Paul Grice’s Conversational Maxims
  1. Maxim of Quantity
  2. Maxim of Quality
  3. Maxim of Relevance
  4. Maxim of Manner
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30
Q

What is the maxim of quantity and what theory are they apart of?

A
  • Paul Grice’s Conversational Maxims
  • Don’t say too much, don’t say too little
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31
Q

What is the maxim of quality and what theory is it apart of?

A
  • Paul Grice’s Conversational Maxims
  • Don’t say what you believe to be false or that for which you lack evidence
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32
Q

What is the maxim of relevance and what theory is it apart of?

A
  • Paul Grice’s Conversational Maxims
  • Stick to the topic and only shift at an appropriate point
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33
Q

What is the maxim of manner and what theory is it apart of?

A
  • Paul Grice’s Conversational Maxims
  • Avoid obscurity of expression
34
Q

What is the social network theory and who proposed it?

A
  • Milroy
  • Members of speech community are connected to each other in social networks which are characterised by network specific norms and values including norms of language use
35
Q

What are the 2 types of social networks and what theory are they apart of?

A
  • Milroy’s Social Network theory
  1. Open
  2. Closed
36
Q

What are open social networks and what theory are they apart of?

A
  • Milroy’s Social Network theory
  • Individuals whose contacts don’t know each other
37
Q

What are closed social networks and what theory are they apart of?

A
  • Milroy’s Social Network theory
  • Individuals whose contacts all know each other
  • Little contact with out group members
38
Q

What are multiplex social networks and what theory are they apart of?

A
  • Milroy’s Social Network theory
  • Individuals are linked in several ways; job, family, leisure activities
39
Q

What are anti languages and who proposed them?

A
  • Michael Halliday
  • Extreme versions of sociolect
  • Tend to arise among subcultures and groups that occupy a marginal or precarious position in society, especially where central activities of the group place them outside the law
  • Created by the process of relexicalisation (the substitution of new words for old), creating a distinctive vocabulary
40
Q

What is polari?

A
  • A form of slang incorporating Italinate words, rhyming slang and Romani
  • Classed as a language variety, sociolect and anti language
41
Q

Who used polari?

A

Mainly gay men, lesbians, female impersonators, theatre people, prostitutes, sea queens and straight people connected to theatre

42
Q

How many polari words are there?

A
  • 20 core words
  • 500 polari terms
43
Q

What are some examples of polari words?

A
  1. Bevvy- drink
  2. Riah- hair
  3. Omi palone- gay man
  4. Naff- awful/tasteless
44
Q

What is relexicalisation?

A
  • The process of using new words for old
  • Often occurs in anti languages
45
Q

What is the in and out groups theory and who proposed it?

A
  • Giles and Coupland
  • Individuals belong to a wide variety of social groups based on ethnicity, religion, political views, etc..
  • These groups shape each persons collective identity
  • Humans simplify the world by using categories
46
Q

What is the in and out groups theory and who proposed it?

A
  • Giles and Coupland
  • Individuals belong to a wide variety of social groups based on ethnicity, religion, political views, etc..
  • These groups shape each persons collective identity
  • Humans simplify the world by using categories to create understanding, as we commonly categorise ourselves and others using social identity groups
47
Q

What are in groups?

A

Social affiliations to which an individual feels they belong

48
Q

What are out groups?

A

Social affiliations to which an individual feels they don’t belong

49
Q

What are the lexical classifications of sociolect and who proposed them?

A
  • Julie Coleman
  1. Slang
  2. Jargon
  3. Cant
50
Q

What is slang?

A

Ephermal, often colloquial, lexis used by any in group to establish them from other groups

51
Q

What is jargon?

A

Professional language allowing precise discussion of topics related to the given vocation

52
Q

What is cant?

A

Lexis used to obscure meaning from the out group, usually with criminal intent

53
Q

What is teenage talk and who suggested it?

A
  • Stenstrom
  • The language of teenagers is characterised by irregular turn taking, indistinct articulation, word shortening, verbal duelling, slang, taboo and language mixing
54
Q

What is language and adolescent peer groups and who suggested it?

A
  • Penelope Eckert
  • Teenagers mark use of linguistic features such as ‘like’ and ‘okay’, rising intonation and multiple negation in their speech
55
Q

What is audience design theory and who suggested it?

A
  • Bell
  • Speakers or writers design/shape their language to take the audience into account
56
Q

What are the 4 audience types of the audience design theory?

A
  1. Addressees
  2. Auditors
  3. Overhearers
  4. Eavesdroppers
57
Q

What are addressees and what theory are they apart of?

A
  • Bell’s Audience Design Theory
  • Ratified, directly addressed listeners
58
Q

What are auditors and what theory are they apart of?

A
  • Bell’s Audience Design Theory
  • Ratified but not directly addressed listeners
59
Q

What are overhearers and what theory are they apart of?

A
  • Bell’s Audience Design Theory
  • Non ratified, detectable listeners
60
Q

What are eavesdroppers and what theory are they apart of?

A
  • Bell’s Audience Design Theory
  • Non ratified, undetectable listeners
61
Q

What are referees and what theory are they apart of?

A
  • Bell’s Audience Design Theory
  • Non audience members who the speaker attempts to identify
62
Q

What is the social identity theory and who proposed it?

A
  • Tajfel and Turner
  • When an in group identity is made or becomes salient, people often wish to emphasise characteristics of their group, including the use of sociolect
63
Q

What is talk at work and who suggested it?

A
  • Drew and Heritage
  • Identified key differences between institutional talk and everyday language
64
Q

What were the differences identified by Drew and Heritage’s talk at work theory?

A
  1. Goal orientation
  2. Turn taking rules or restrictions
  3. Allowable contributions
  4. Professional lexis
  5. Structure
  6. Asymmetry
65
Q

What is politeness in the workplace and who proposed it?

A
  • Holmes and Stubbe
  • A great deal of workplace talk is firmly embedded in its social and organisational context
66
Q

What is an asymmetrical power relationship?

A

An ongoing association between parties wherein a difference of status is a major factor in the transactions between parties

67
Q

What are communities of practice and who suggested it?

A
  • Wenger
  • The idea that workplace groups can be described as communities of practice: groups who regularly engage with each other, share a repertoire of resources which enables them to communicate in a kind of verbal shorthand which is often difficult for outsiders to penetrate
68
Q

What is officialese and enlistic language varieties and who suggested it?

A
  • Levy
  • There are 2 specialises varieties in military language
69
Q

What are the 2 specialised varieties in military language and what theory is it apart fo?

A
  • Levy’s officialese and enlistic language varieties theory
  1. High variety
  2. Low variety
70
Q

What is the high variety of military language and what theory is it apart of?

A
  • Levy’s officialese and enlistic language varieties theory
  • Formal, high levels of jargon, euphemistic, constructed by those with the highest status
71
Q

What is the low variety of military language and what theory is it apart of?

A
  • Levy’s officialese and enlistic language varieties theory
  • More emotional and colloquial
72
Q

What is the performativity of identity theory and who proposed it?

A
  • Barker
  • “Identities are not universal, fixed or essential entities, but are contingent of historically and culturally specific constructions of language”
73
Q

What is the role of language in identity and who proposed it?

A
  • Joanna Thornborrow
  • “One of the most fundamental ways we have of establishing our identity, and shaping other people’s views of who we are, is through our use of language
74
Q

Where and when was polari used?

A
  • 1930’s-1970’s
  • Private gay drinking establishments in London/theatres
75
Q

Why did people use polari?

A
  • Protection/secrecy
  • Excluded outsiders and allowed gay people to conceal their sexuality
76
Q

Why don’t gay people use polari now?

A
  • Popularity of sketch shows ruined it
  • Partial decriminalisation of homosexuality in 1967 meant there was less need for a secret language
  • In the early 1970’s gay liberationists wanted to move away from ‘camp’ stereotypes of gay men, and polari was increasingly viewed as unattractive and old fashioned
77
Q

What does patient-doctor discourse usually consist of and who suggested it?

A
  • Ong et al
  • Often non voluntary
  • Emotionally laden
  • Requires close cooperation
  • Interaction in non equal positions
78
Q

What dud Roger Shuy suggest which makes doctor-patient communication successful?

A
  • Different use of jargon
  • Cross cultural differences involving terminology, attitudes to ill health, social distance
  • Discourse structure
79
Q

What is the order of patient-doctor communication as proposed by Paul Ten Have?

A
  1. Patients problem presentation
  2. Questioning
  3. Physical examination
  4. Diagnosis
  5. Treatment
  6. Leave talking
  7. Preliminary sequences
80
Q

What are some of the traits of lawyer language?

A
  • Rules and restrictions
  • Latin and French etymology due to the 1066 Battle of Hastings whereby the French won, so the government language turned to French
  • Formal and powerful
  • Asymmetrical
  • Field specific
  • Goffman’s Footing and Coleman’s jargon
  • Complex sentences with lot of subordinate clauses (hypotaxis)
81
Q

What affects an individuals language in spoken conversations?

A
  • Participants’ relationship to each other (accommodation theory)
  • Goffman’s footing
  • Politeness, bald on record, negative politeness
  • Facework
  • Maxims
  • Social connections (age, relationships)
  • Context, topic, purpose
82
Q

What are common ideas around football chants?

A
  • The idea behind most chants is to get under the skin of the opposition
  • Football lingo= badge of identity
  • Distinct ‘maleness’ about football crowd language
  • Football vocabulary is the biggest unifier of all

English Language- AO2 (9 decks)

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