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english language- ao2 > World Englishes > Flashcards

World Englishes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the different acronyms for English languages?

A
  1. EFL- English as a foreign language
  2. ESL- English as a 2nd language
  3. EAL- English as an additional language
  4. ELF- English as a lingua franca
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2
Q

What is an example of colloquial Australian English?

A

Can I have a cup of tea, thanks?

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3
Q

What are some negative discourses about American English?

A
  1. Lazy due to abbreviations
  2. Stupid/ugly
  3. Slang
  4. Taking over
  5. British English is superior, desirable and prestigious
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4
Q

How do British English speakers view standard English?

A

Norm providing (exonormative)

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5
Q

How do American English speakers view standard English?

A

Norm providing (distributional spread- fashion)

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6
Q

What is the most prestigious form of language in India?

A

American English

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7
Q

What is a lingua franca?

A

A common language used for communication between groups of people who speak different native languages

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8
Q

What is the 3 circles model and who created it?

A
  • Kachru
    1. The inner circle- English is used as a 1st language, acquired from birth
    2. The outer circle- counties colonised by Britain and USA where English is spoken as a 2nd language
    3. The expanding circle- English isn’t an official language but is recognised as important as a foreign language
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9
Q

What is the percentage of native English speakers and EAL speakers in England?

A

Native- 92.3%
EAL- 6%

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10
Q

What is the percentage of native English speakers and EAL speakers in Pakistan?

A

Native- 0.0035%
EAL- 62%

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11
Q

What is the percentage of English speakers in China?

A

0.9%

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12
Q

What is the percentage of native English speakers and EAL speakers in the USA?

A

Native- 78.1%
EAL- 17.4%

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13
Q

When was the 1st permanent English settlement in America?

A

1607

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14
Q

By the mid 1600’s how many migrants had settled in the area which is now Massachusetts?

A

25,000

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15
Q

What had the population of America reached by 1790?

A

4 million

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16
Q

When and why did Americans begin to change their spoken and written language?

A
  • After the Revolutionary War in 1776
  • They wanted to separate themselves from the British in language as they had separated themselves from the British government
17
Q

What did Benjamin Franklin want?

A

A new system of spelling

18
Q

What did Noah Webster do?

A
  • Wrote language books for schools
  • Thought Americans should learn from American books
19
Q

When did Noah Webster publish his 1st spelling book?

A

1783

20
Q

What did Noah Webster publish in 1828 and what did it establish?

A
  • The American dictionary of the English language
  • Established rules for speaking and spelling the words used in American English
21
Q

What did Noah Webster believe?

A
  • British spelling rules were too complex
  • Worked to establish a more phonetic American version of the English Language
  • E.g. centre instead of centre/honor instead of honour
22
Q

What did Noah Webster say about speaking words?

A
  • Every part of a word should be spoken
  • Made American English easier for immigrants to learn
  • E.g. “sec-re-tary” instead of “sec-re-t’ry”
23
Q

What did George Bernard Shaw say?

A

“Britain and America are two countries separated by the same language”

24
Q

When did European explorers 1st go to Australia?

A

1606

25
Q

Who was the 1st captain of the 1st crew to step foot onto Australia?

A

William Janszoon

26
Q

Who was the 1st Englishman to explore and map parts of Australia?

A

William Dampier

27
Q

What do Australians make little distinction between?

A

The diphthongs /æ ɪ/ and /aɪ/
(Makes main and mine near homophones)

28
Q

What is the most recognisable features of American phonology?

A

The Australian questioning intonation (rising intonation at the end of statements rather than questions to confirm the other party is listening and understanding what’s being said)

29
Q

What is Australia quite famous for?

A
  • The number of vivid idioms it’s spawned
  • E.g. ‘bald as a coot’ and routine use of ‘bloody’
30
Q

What are the 3 types of British colony?

A
  1. English speakers settled and replaced the pre colonial population (America and Australia)
  2. Smaller English settlement, distribution of English through administration and education (India/Singapore)
  3. Precolonial population replaced by slaves from elsewhere (Jamaica/Barbados)
31
Q

What is distribution vs spread?

A
  • English was distributed around the world in a controlled manner with standard forms preserved
  • English today spreads naturally around the globe, uncontrolled and mixing with local languages
32
Q

What is linguistic imperialism and who created it?

A
  • Phillipson
  • The dominance asserted and retained by the establishment of structural and cultural inequalities between English and other languages
33
Q

What is the use of English in India increasingly associated with?

A
  • Social mobility
  • At the highest social level, we find forms closest to British standard English
  • Younger population are increasingly disinclined to speak British English, seeing it as a legacy from colonial times
34
Q

What do the pronunciation of Indian forms of English vary considerably depending on?

A

Education and social system

35
Q

What does stress timed mean?

A

Each stressed syllable occurs at approximately regular intervals (e.g. British English)

36
Q

What does syllable timed mean?

A

Each syllable is perceived to take roughly the same amount of time (e.g. Indian English)

english language- ao2 (9 decks)

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