Sociology 120 midterm (not finished) Flashcards by Rory Todd

General definition of a theory

Common sense explanation of something

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Scientific theory is ________

tested with evidence

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Theories are important because they (3)

Explain something importantGive insight beneath the surfaceHeart of any science

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What big revolution mostly birthed sociology

industrial revolution

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Changes in the “division of labor” during the industrial revolution

Urban vs Rural (game against nature vs game with people)Self sufficiency vs interdependenceAnimals/Plants vs Machines/Technology

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Examples of impact of changes of “division of labor” in industrial revolution

Time DistanceDeath

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Most important change in the Industrial Revolution

Specialization or advance division of labor (efficiency)

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Modern social problems

Urban poverty replaces rural Who gets blamed for problem: other people squeaky wheel (most attention gets help)

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Auguste Comte

Late 1700s early 1800sCrazyGave sociology its nameSocial dynamics-change vs social statics-staying the same

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Herbert Spenser

1800s Sees dickensian poverty in streetsSolution: do nothingLaissez-faireSurvival of the fittest (applies darwin)English Conservative

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Karl Marx

Jewish German outsider like durkheimConflict Theory economic factors have a prime role in determining historical changeBeliefs:Haves vs have nots Economic system as a prime factorRich control the poorSaw history as a conflict between classesIdeas reflect $/power, class dominationCommunism

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Emile Durkheim

Late 1800s early 1900Jewish outsider (like marx)FunctionalismOrganic Solidarity- Division of labor- organs in bodyMechanical Solidarity- Similar beliefs- religion/ patriotism Culture is key

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According to Durkheim, what part of society is most important? and what emotions can it cause?

Culturestrong and irrational emotion (can come from a ritual)

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Max Weber (and types of power)

Late 1800s early 1900s Conflict theory like marx, but more cynicalPower- Ability to get, against resistance types of power1. economic2. political3. status

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Functionalism Theory

Every thing in a society serves a functionHuman body metaphorCulture is the most important partstrengths: stability/ orderweaknesses: conflict/ rapid social change

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Conflict Theory

People looking out for themselvesWar metaphor-people looking out for themselvesStrengths: Conflict/rapid social changeWeaknesses: Stability/ order

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Interactionism Theory

Looks at the individual Talk metaphor-labels more important than realityWeaknesses: MacroStrength: Micro

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Define Deviance

Not conforming to a set of norms in a society

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Importance of Stump the Chump

Social norms vary through cultures and there is always a culture where a taboo is accepted

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Who has the highest rate of violent crime of any industrialized nation?

The US

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Which type of crime is the highest in the US?

Property crime

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Where are murders the highest and why?

The south1. Culture of violence2. Long term poverty

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Real murders are?

Male2/3’s of victims know assailant “we only kill the ones we know”poverty & race kill each other the most 2/3’s with guns

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Other murders are related to?

gang violence over drugs and turf

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What is punishment like in Denmark/ Saudi Arabia

Weak and harsh

Kitty Genovese

Was getting murdered and nobody did anything

How does the severity of punishment effect crime

not very strong

How does certainty effect crime

Strongest factor in reducing crime

Biological theory of crime

Genes determine our behavior

Behavioral theory of crime

Psychological theory Rewarding behavior Children rewarded for deviance causes deviance

Freudian theory of deviance

id-animal desires (unconscious)ego-rational mindsuper ego- moral conscious sense of right and wrong-Early childhood is where your personality is formedMonsters from poorly developed super ego

Functionalist Social theory

Culture shows us our goals and the meansStrained by social structureReview Chart

Interactionist :Labeling theory primary vs secondary labels

The labels we are given tell us who we arePrimary label-violating a norm like a drug usersecondary label-getting caught and labelled

Causation

One variable causes change in another variable

Correlation

two variables have some kind of relationship

experimental method

researcher controls all variablesind. and dep.looks for causation

independent variable vs dependent variable

independent- stands alone doesn't change like someones agedependent- variable that depends on another variable like whether someone has health problems based on their age

Control Group

Group nothing happens to

Experimental group

Group that is manipulated

Random assignment

When groups are randomly assigned

Census

A survey in which every member of a population is contacted

UCR

Crime reports-reported crimeofficial statsweaknesses:Only reported crimes

According to the UCR who are you most likely to be raped by?

Someone you dont know

NCVS are?

Victimization surveysunder reports embarrassing stuffhousehold survey so under reports poor homeless

Basic definition of science

If it can be measured

Parts of Scientific method

1. careful collection of data2. Logical explanation(danger of emotion)3. Publication of findings4.Scientific/ peer review vs popular journal

Causation

When something causes something what you are looking for in an experimentan unobtainable goal

Correlation

A general association, where you start

An Experiment

Control all variables and change one at a time

Independent variable

One that stands by itself

Dependent variable

One that relies on another

Reliability in an experiment

Getting the same results

Validity in an experiment

Did you measure what you wanted to

Control group

Group in experiment left alone

Experimental group

Group in experiment tampered with

Why do sociologist rarely use experiments?

Hard to do in sociology because of moral problems

What is a strength of experiments?

Only way to causation

What is the most common used sociological method

field research/ participant observationrich in detail but not reliable/valid

Weakness of surveys

tests hypotheses, but not real behavior

Values

Ideas held by individuals or groups about what is good and bad

Norms

Rules of conduct in a society that decide how people ought or ought not to act

Folkway (Norm)

Does not matter too much, but people wish you would abide by it

Mores (Norm)

A serious rule with serious consequences

Laws

Either a folkway or more that has the power of the government

Linguistic relativity hypo: Sapir Whorf

A language determines the content of part of culture

Socio-biology as an origin of culture

culture is an instinct and human nature

Ecological as an origin of culture

Culture is learned through biological traits

Functionalist as an origin of culture

Culture is made up of functions

Conflict

Culture is written by those with power and reflects their interests

Largest religions in the world

ChristianityIslam BuddhismJudaismHinduismConfucianism

Polytheistic

Belief in many gods

Monotheistic

The belief in only one god

Nontheistic

Animism Buddhism

Christianity is the

Largest religion in the world

Islam is the

fastest growing religion in the world

Judaism is the

smallest religion in the world

Hinduism and animism are the

oldest religions in the world

Some origins of religions

christ/islam=judaismbuddhism=hinduism

Types of religion

Non-theistic: animism/buddhism Polytheistic Monotheistic

Durkheim's division of society

Sacred and Profane | Sacred- rituals and emotions

Durkheims function of religion

Brings order Makes society possible Explains life

Karl Marx function of religion

Opiate of the masses | Both dominant and a pain reliever

Weber on religion and the industrial revolution

religion is the independent variable in the industrial revolution Protestant work ethic-individualism

Mechanical solidarity has to do with

functionalism/ culture

Which sociologist thought that intervening in society would have negative consequences

Spencer

Which sociologist loved to categorize things

comte

Davis a functionalist argues that prostitution protects what

the family

symbolic interaction theory can also be called

labelling theory

Which sociologist is a symbolic interactionist or labelling theory believer

Mead

Do outsiders make the best sociologist?

yes

Sociology 120 midterm (not finished) Flashcards

(90 cards)