Sociology 120 Quiz 4 Flashcards
(21 cards)
How long ago did human evolution begin?
2-5 million years ago
What 2 apes are most genetically related to humans?
chimpanzees and bonobos
Out of Chimpanzees and Bonobos, which are more violent and which are more sexual and friendly
Chimps aggressive and violent
Bonobos more friendly
What happened to Africa during human evolution
changing climate
What does Arboreal to ground mean?
Arboreal means in the trees
Humaan ancestor hominoids (apes) moved from the trees to on the grounded became bipedal
Australopithecines
Very small and small brain size
Ancestor to homo sapiens
How many years ago did homo sapiens develop?
100-200k years ago
What allowed the adaptation of homo sapiens ancestors
large brains from protein and tools allow adaptation
Gerard and Jean Lenski’s theory
- Social Surplus creates extra time where culture can be developed
- Subsistence technology is the independent variable in human cultural revolution
Hunting and Gathering
Time: 100,000-200,000 years ago
Technology (subsistence): Hunter/gatherer-language, fire, sticks and stones
Social Surplus:none or small
Size: Small: 20-40 ppl; 100 tops
Division of Labor (complexity): simple according to sex and age
Inequality: Lowest, most equal, but short life expectancy
Ideology: Religion- Animism
War: Limited
Horticultural (plant cultivation)
Time: 10,000-12,000 years ago
neolithic revolution
Technology: Simple agricultural; slash and burn;stick and hoe, pop. increase
Social surplus: first social surplus
Size: 100 to as large as 100,000 (meso-american)
Settlement: Gradual, not permanent; exhaustion of land
Division of labor (complexity): increases, priest/leader/warrior; specialization in warfare
Inequality grows, partially cuz^^
Ideology: religion- theism, monotheism
War: increases, struggles over territory
Agrarian (cultivation of land)
5000 years ago
Technology: plow, metallurgy, animals, crop rotation
Social Surplus: big increase
Size, pop: big increase 100,000-millions
Settlement: more stable, urbanization for elite
Division of labor: big increase, feudalism, revolves around aristocracy
Ideology: centered around aristocracy, religion reflects domination of elite
War: constant-more to fight over, napoleon “army moves on stomach”
Industrial
250 years ago to present
Technology: science and engineering, search for efficiency
Social Surplus: Huge increase, 5-10% feeds everyone
Size: Huge increases, millions to billions
Settlement: mass urbanization
Division of labor: Huge increase, everyone depends on everyone else
Inequality: Small decrease because of democratic state and efficiency
Ideology: Centered around science, materialism, secularization
War: Small decrease because of democracy, power over military
What is unique to human beings in terms of socialization?
language and rationality
Where does human development come from? (argument)
nature vs. nurture
Feral children analogy
Child neglected, does not benefit society positively
Supports nurture
Piaget theory of development
nature
cognitive development 4 stages
1.sensorimotor
2. pre-operations: uses symbols to represent, rewards, egocentric
3.Concrete operations: Think logically
4. Formal operations: reason abstractly and think hypothetically
Cooley theory of development
Looking glass self
We are who other people think we are
Mead theory of development
taking the role or position in a social group from someone else
through role stages, *imitation *play *games
Institutions of socialization
Family School Mass media Peers Religion
Life course after industrial revolution
much more spread out
baby-child-adolescent-young adult…..
