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MCAT > Sociology > Flashcards

Sociology Flashcards

1
Q

Belief perseverance

A

The inability to reject a particular belief despite clear evidence to the contrary.

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2
Q

Role Strain

A

difficulty in satisfying multiple requirements of the same role

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3
Q

Role conflict

A

A difficulty in satisfying role requirements or expectations among various roles.

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4
Q

Social cognitive theory

A

A theory that attitudes are formed through observation of behavior, cognition, and the environment.

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5
Q

Social capital

A

The investment people make in their society in return for economic or collective rewards.

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6
Q

Self-serving bias

A

The idea that individuals will view their own success as being based on internal factors, while viewing failures as being based on external factors.

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7
Q

Self-fulfilling prophesy

A

The phenomenon of a stereotype creating an expectation of a particular group, which creates conditions that lead to confirmation of this stereotype.

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8
Q

Self-schema

A

A self-given label that carries with it a set of qualities.

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9
Q

Self-esteem

A

An individual’s feelings of self worth. Increased when our three selves (actual self, ideal self, and ought self) are more similar.

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10
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

The simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions. Individuals will try to reduce this by changing, adding to, or minimizing one of these dissonant thoughts.

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11
Q

Deindividuation

A

The idea that people will lose a sense of self-awareness and can act dramatically differently based on the influence of a group. The individual loses the their sense of individuality and becomes and anonymous part of a group.

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12
Q

identity shift effect

A

When an individual’s state of harmony is disrupted by a threat of social rejection, the individual will often conform to the norms of the group. To eliminate the sense of inner conflict, the individual experiences an identity shift wherein the individual adopts the standards of the group as their own.

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13
Q

Social action

A

Actions and behaviors that individuals are conscious of and performing because others are around.

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14
Q

Assimilation

A

the process by which an individual’s or group’s behavior and culture begin to resemble that of another group.
Melting together of different elements of culture into one homogenous culture.

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15
Q

Ethnic enclaves

A

locations (usually neighborhoods) with a high concentration of one specific ethnicity.
Assimilation can be slowed by the creation of ethnic enclaves.
-Chinatown, Little italy

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16
Q

Multiculturism

A

communities or societies containing multiple cultures. It’s a celebration of coexisting cultures.

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17
Q

counterculture

A

the subculture group gravitates towards the identity that is at odds with the majority culture and deliberately opposes the prevailing social mores.

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18
Q

subcultures

A

groups of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong.

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19
Q

cultural diffusion

A

the spread of norms, customs, and beliefs (especially new ones) throughout the culture

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20
Q

cultural transmission AKA cultural learning

A

the manner in which a society socializes it members (individuals gain the knowledge, skills, habits, and behaviors that are necessary for inclusion in society)

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21
Q

Primary socialization

A

occurs during childhood when we initially learn acceptable actions and attitudes in our society

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22
Q

Secondary socialization

A

the process of learning appropriate behavior within smaller sections of the larger society. Includes smaller changes and refinements to behavior that were established in primary socialization.

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23
Q

Anticipatory socialization

A

the process by which a person prepares for future changes in occupations, living situations, or relationships.
-couple living together in preparation for married life

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24
Q

group think

A

desire for harmony or conformity results in a group coming to an incorrect poor decisions. In an attempt to eliminate or minimize conflict among group members, consensus decisions are reached without alternative ideas being assessed.
-focus solely on ideas generated within the group while ignoring outside ideas

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25
Q

Group polarization

A

describes the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the individual ideas and inclinations of the members within the group.

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26
Q

Resocialization

A

process by which one discards old behavior in favor of new ones to make a life change (+ or -).
-armed forces training, attracting and indoctrinating members into a cult

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27
Q

Mores

A

widely observed social norms

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28
Q

sanctions

A

penalties for misconduct and often include fines or imprisoned
sanction = penalty

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29
Q

taboo

A

socially unacceptable, disgusting, or reprehensible (really bad deviance)

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30
Q

Folkways

A

norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in particular social interactions
-shaking hands after a sports match

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31
Q

Deviance

A

any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society. Can vary in severity.
-jaywalking, murder

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32
Q

stigma

A

extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society. Usually towards people considered outcasts in society
-mental illness

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33
Q

prejudice

A

negative opinion about a person or group before having any prior knowledge about them

34
Q

discrimination

A

negative action/behavior/treatment towards a group or individual

35
Q

stereotype

A

generalizations about members of a culture/religion, gender, or groups of individuals

36
Q

labeling theory

A

the labels given to people affect not only how others respond to that person, but also the person’s self image

37
Q

differential association theory

A

deviance can be learned through interactions with others.
When associations with others engaging in deviant behavior are more numerous or intense than those engaging in normative behavior, the individual begins to gravitate toward deviant behavior.

38
Q

strain theory

A

attempts to explain deviance as a natural reaction to the disconnect between social goals and social structure.
-American dream ex: deviant behavior such as theft may arise in an attempt to achieve this goal outside of the limiting social structure

39
Q

normative conformity

A

the desire to fit into a group because of fear of rejection.

40
Q

Internalization

A

A type of conformity.
Involve’s changing one’s behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing (internally) with the ideas of the group

41
Q

Identification

A

A type of conformity

outward acceptance of others’ ideas without personally taking on these ideas

42
Q

Compliance

A

a change in behavior based on a direct request

  • foot in the door technique
  • door in the face technique
  • lowball technique
  • that’s not all technique
43
Q

Obedience

A

changing one’s behavior in response to a direct order from an authority figure (who has social power over other individuals)

44
Q

Three components of attitude

A

Affective
Behavioral
Cognitive

45
Q

Affective

A

Component of attitude

refers to the way a person feels toward something and is the emotional component of attitude

46
Q

Behavioral component of attitude

A

the way a person acts with respect to something

-avoiding, spending time w/ someone

47
Q

Cognitive component of attitude

A

the way an individual thinks about something, which is usually the justification for the other two components

48
Q

functional attitudes theory

A

states that attitudes serve four functions: knowledge (of attitudes of others), ego expression (allowing us to communicate and solidify our self-identity), adaptation (one will be accepted if socially acceptable attitudes are expressed), and ego defense

49
Q

Learning theory

A

attitudes are developed thru different forms of learning.

50
Q

elaboration likelihood model

A

states that attitudes are formed and changed thru different routs of info processing. Separates individuals based on their processing of persuasive info. Separated based on central route processing or peripheral route processing

51
Q

central route processing

A

those who think deeply about info, scrutinizing its meaning and purpose

52
Q

peripheral route processing

A

those who focus on superficial details of persuasive info (i.e. appearances, slogans, credibility)

53
Q

Social cognitive theory

A

states that attitudes are formed through personal factors, environment, and observation of behavior

54
Q

Ascribed status

A

given involuntarily, based on race, ethnicity, gender, family, background, etc

55
Q

Achieved status

A

gained as a result of one’s actions or choives

56
Q

master status

A

status by which one is most identified

57
Q

role exit

A

the dropping of one identity for another

58
Q

role set

A

the various roles associated with a status

59
Q

role partner

A

the person with whom one is interacting. Behaviors and expectations change as a result of the role partner

60
Q

out-group

A

a group with which an individual competes or is in opposition with

61
Q

primary group

A

groups that contain strong, close bonds (core circle of friends, family, etc.)

62
Q

secondary group

A

interactions are superficial with few emotional bonds. Form and dissolve w/o any special significance
-students working together on a project

63
Q

group conformity

A

individual’s are compliant with the group’s goals in an attempt to fit in and be accepted.

64
Q

Organizations

A

bodies of people with a structure and culture designed to achieve specific goals. They exist outside of each individual’s membership within the organization

65
Q

basic model of emotional expression

A

states that there are universal emotions, along with corresponding expression, that can be understood across cultures. Emotional expression involves facial expressions, behaviors, postures, vocal changes, etc.

66
Q

appraisal model of emotional expression

A

states that there are biologically predetermined expressions once an emotion is experienced, but that there is a cognitive antecedent to emotional expression

67
Q

social construction model

A

assumes that there is no biological basis for emotions. Instead, emotions are based on experiences and situational context alone.

68
Q

Display rules

A

cultural expectations that govern the expression of emotions

69
Q

cultural syndrome

A

a shared set of beliefs, norms, values, and behaviors organized around a central theme, as is found among people sharing the same language and geography.

70
Q

ingratiation

A

using flattery or conformity to win someone over

71
Q

alter-casting

A

imposing an identity onto another person

-assigning someone a certain role like “As a good MCAT student you should…”

72
Q

tactical self

A

refers to who we market ourselves to be when we adhere to others’ expectations of us (similar to the ought self).

73
Q

self-disclosure

A

giving information about oneself

74
Q

managing appearances

A

using props, appearance, emotional expression, or associations with others to create a positive image

  • wearing a white coat
  • keeping calm while dealing with a difficult patient
  • mentioning associations w/ important people during an interview
75
Q

aligning actions

A

making questionable behavior acceptable through excuses

-blaming a bad grade on too little sleep

76
Q

familiarity effect

A

AKA mere exposure effect

people prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently

77
Q

cognitive neoassociation model

A

we are more likely to respond to others aggressively when we are feeling negative emotions

78
Q

area of brain that brakes amygdala

A

prefrontal coretx

manages limbic system (emotion and stress)

79
Q

secure attachment

A

consistent caregiver and child is able to go out and explore with a secure base to return to. Child shows strong preference to caregiver.

80
Q

avoidant attachment

A

occurs when a caregiver has little or no response to a distressed, crying child. Child shows no preference to caregiver over stranger

81
Q

ambivalent attachment

A

caregiver has inconsistent response to a child’s distress. Child will be distressed when caregiver leaves and is ambivalent (unsure) when they return

82
Q

disorganized attachment

A

occurs when a caregiver is erratic or abusive. No clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregiver’s absence or presence

MCAT (19 decks)

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