Somatotropic organization & Nociceptors & Pain Physio

Question 1

In which area of the brain do third order neurons of the sensory pathway project to?

Answer 1

The Parietal cortex

Question 2

Where specifically does the third order neurons of the sensory pathway project to?

Answer 2

1. Somatic Sensory area I (SI) at the post central gyrus
2. Somatic Sensory area II (SII) of the anterior parietal lobe

Question 3

Fill in the blanks. “The various thalamic nuclei receiving somatosensory information project to : ________, _______ & ________.”

Answer 3

• Primary sensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus
• Secondary somatosensory cortex
• Posterior parietal cortex

Question 4

How is the primary somatosensory cortex organised ?

Answer 4

Somatotopically

Question 5

In which layer of the cerebral cortex does Afferents end in?

Answer 5

Layer IV (4)

Question 6

Which layers of the Cerebral cortex generates descending pathways?

Answer 6

Layers V and VI (5&6)

Question 7

Which layer of the cerebral cortex send axons to related portions of the cerebral cortex on the opposite side of the brain through the corpus callosum?

Answer 7

Layers II & III

Question 8

Which layer of the cerebral cortex receive diffuse, nonspecific input signals from lower brain centers?

Answer 8

Layers I & II

Question 9

Where are the columns of proprioception located?

Answer 9

Near the central sulcus

Question 10

Which layer of the cerebral cortex have corticothalamic neurons?

Answer 10

Layer VI

Question 11

True or False? The Outer band of Baillarger is located in Layer V of the cerebral cortex.

Answer 11

FALSE!! It is located in Layer IV( 4)

Question 12

Where is the Line of Gennari located?

Answer 12

In Layer IV(4) in area 17

Question 13

Local inhibitory neurons are normally found in which layer of the Cerebral cortex?

Answer 13

Layer I ( Molecular layer)

Question 14

Fill in the blanks. “ The External Granular Layer (Layer II) is associated with __________ neurons while the External Pyramidal layer ( Layer III) is associated with ______ neurons.”

Answer 14

External Granular Layer - Association neurons

External Pyramidal Layer - Commissural neurons

Question 15

Fill in the blanks . “ The line of Kaes-Bechterew is located in ___________.”

Answer 15

External Pyramidal layer ( Layer III)

Question 16

True or False? The Inner band of Baillarger
is located in the Internal Pyramidal layer.

Answer 16

TRUE!!

Question 17

Which layer of the cerebral cortex receives Thalamocrotical projections?

Answer 17

Internal Granular Layer ( Layer IV)

Question 18

What is the function of the Somatosensory Association cortex?

Answer 18

Synthesizes multiple sensory inputs to create a complete comprehension of the object being felt.

Question 19

Where is the Primary visual cortex located?

Answer 19

Found in Posterior and Medial Occipital lobe

Question 20

Where is the Dorsal stream of the Primary visual cortex ?

Answer 20

Parietal cortex ( where : rods, periphery of retina, area 7)

Question 21

Where is the Ventral stream of the Primary Visual cortex located?

Answer 21

Temporal cortex

Question 22

Where is the Primary auditory cortex located?

Answer 22

The superior margin of the temporal lobe, next to the lateral sulcus.

Question 23

What Is the function of the Auditory association area?

Answer 23

The auditory association area which lets us interpret and remember sounds

Question 24

What is Asterognosia?

Answer 24

The loss of ability to recognize objects by touch in absence of of defects in somatosensation.

Question 25

What is Asomatognosia?

Answer 25

This is a loss of the ability to recognize parts of one’s own body

Question 26

What type of cells are located in the Primary Motor cortex?

Answer 26

Pyramidal cells

Question 27

Where is the Primary Motor cortex located?

Answer 27

Precentral gyrus of each cerebral hemisphere

Question 28

What are the Afferents for the Primary Motor cortex?

Answer 28

Thalamus

Question 29

What are the Efferents for the Primary Motor Cortex?

Answer 29

Basal ganglia, thalamus, Reticular Formation, Superior colliculus, pontine, spinal cord

Question 30

What happens if the Primary Motor cortex becomes damaged?

Answer 30

Damage produces paralysis of contralateral muscles (namely upper limb, tongue, facial muscles)

Question 31

Where is the Primary Motor cortex located?

Answer 31

In the Precentral Gyrus ( Broadman area 4)

Question 32

What is the function of the Secondary ( Premotor Area) ?

Answer 32

* Involved in learned or patterned skills. * Involved in planning movements- influences paravertebral and proximal limb musculature

Question 33

Which language area is responsible for language comprehension and complex word analysis?

Answer 33

Language prefrontal cortex

Question 34

Which language area is associated with understanding oral/written words?

Answer 34

Wernicke's area

Question 35

What is the function of Broca's area?

Answer 35

Speech production

Question 36

Fill in the blanks." ____________ integrates visual and auditory stimulate"

Answer 36

Lateral and ventral temporal cortex

Question 37

Fill in the blanks. "Information is projected to Wernicke’s area through _____________."

Answer 37

Arcuate fasciculus

Question 38

What are the different manifestations of pain?

Answer 38

Hyperalgesia Paresthesia Allodynia Hyperpathia

Question 39

What is Pain?

Answer 39

Pain is the perception of an aversive or unpleasant sensation that originates from a specific region of the body

Question 40

What is the term given to the pain from a stimulus that would not normally cause pain ?

Answer 40

Allodynia

Question 41

What is the term given to unpleasant or painful feelings e.g. pins and needles with no apparent stimulus?

Answer 41

Paresthesia

Question 42

What is Hyperalgesia?

Answer 42

This is severe pain from a stimulus that would normally cause only slight discomfort

Question 43

What is Hyperpathia ?

Answer 43

Exaggerated and prolonged reactions to painful stimuli.

Question 44

What are factors that can modify pain?

Answer 44

* past experiences * suggestion * emotion – particularly by anxiety * simultanneous activation of other sensorymodalities * different state of attention

Question 45

How can pain protect the body?

Answer 45

* Remove body from danger * Promote healing by preventing further damage * Avoid noxious stimuli

Question 46

Why does one feel pain?

Answer 46

* Gives conscious awareness of tissue damage * Protection: - Remove body from danger - Promote healing by preventing further damage - Avoid noxious stimuli * Elicits behavioural and emotional responses

Question 47

What systems are activated by pain?

Answer 47

* Sympathetic neuronal system * Parasympathetic neuronal system * Respiratory & Cardiovascular system * Motor system * Endocrine system

Question 48

What are the different classifications of pain?

Answer 48

* By perception: Fast/sharp pain and slow/dull pain. * Somatic and visceral pain * Superficial and deep pain * Physiological sharp pain and pathological pain (inflammatory, neuropathic pain).

Question 49

Where are pain receptors normally located?

Answer 49

* In the skin * Periosteum * Arterial walls * The joint surfaces * Falx and tentorium in cranial vault

Question 50

Fill in the blanks. " A delta fibres only project to laminae _____ &______."

Answer 50

I & V

Question 51

Fill in the blanks. "C fibres project to laminae __________. "

Answer 51

I , II & V

Question 52

Fill in the blanks. " Harmful stimuli activate peripheral endings of primary sensory neurons whose cell bodies are located in the _____________"

Answer 52

Dorsal root ganglia and Trigeminal ganglia

Question 53

Which nociceptor is associated with a burning sensation associated with spicy food?

Answer 53

Capsaicin (from chili peppers) receptor

Question 54

What do Polymodal nociceptiors travel via?

Answer 54

Non- myelinated C fibres

Question 55

Which nociceptor has ASIC like channels or mediation via ATP?

Answer 55

Mechanical nociceptors

Question 56

What are the stimulants for Polymodal nociceptors?

Answer 56

Noxious mechanical stimuli, noxious heat / cold, irritant chemicals.

Question 57

What type of pain is associated with Polymodal nociceptors ?

Answer 57

Slow burning pain or aching pain

Question 58

What are the names given to the receptors that are members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of ligand-gated ion channels that detect a variety of painful stimuli ?

Answer 58

- Vanilloid receptor-1 (VR-1/TRPV1) - Vanilloid like receptor-1 (VRL-1/TRPV2)

Question 59

What are the TRP receptors stimulated by?

Answer 59

- Noxious heat (≥ 45oC) - Capsaicin (ingredient in chili peppers

Question 60

What are substances that have a direct influence on the free - nerve endings?

Answer 60

Potassium Histamine Bradykinin Serotonin

Question 61

What substance is released from activated free- nerve endings?

Answer 61

P- substance

Question 62

Which substances causes a sensitisation of nociceptors?

Answer 62

Prostagoandins especially PgE2, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenases (COX-1, COX-2)

Question 63

Which substances evoke inflammation ?

Answer 63

* Histamine * Bradykinin * Serotonin

Question 64

Where does Central sensitisation occur?

Answer 64

In the dorsal horn

Question 65

What is the enzyme involved in the synthesis of Serotonin?

Answer 65

Tryptophan hydroxylase

Question 66

What is the enzyme involved in the synthesis of Bradykinin?

Answer 66

Kallikrein

Question 67

What is the source of Serotonin?

Answer 67

Platelets

Question 68

What is the source for Prostaglandins and Leukotrines?

Answer 68

Arachadonic acid and damaged cells